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The Vertebrates

The Vertebrates. Overview of Vertebrates. Same general criteria of vertebrates! Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic Cellularity: Multicellular Autotroph or Heterotroph: Ingestive heterotroph Cell wall composition: No cell wall.

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The Vertebrates

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  1. The Vertebrates

  2. Overview of Vertebrates • Same general criteria of vertebrates! • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic • Cellularity: Multicellular • Autotroph or Heterotroph: Ingestive heterotroph • Cell wall composition: No cell wall

  3. Overview of Chordates • All chordates have shared characteristics • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord • Notochord • Pharyngeal gill slits • Post-anal tail

  4. Classification • Chordates • Fish • Several classes—most diverse! • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

  5. Fish • In general, fish share the following • Paired fins • Scales • Gills

  6. Fish • Lamprey • Class Hyperoartia • Look like eels • No jaw • No fins • No bones • Primitive vertebral column • Hagfish • Class Myxini / Hyperotreti • Look like eels • No jaw • No fins • No bones • No vertebrae

  7. Fish • Lobed-fin Fish • Class Sarcopterygii • Have jaw • Have bones like ours • Paired fins attached to bony axis • Mostly extinct • Link to amphibians? • Ex: coelacanth, lungfish • Cartilaginous Fish • Class Chondrichthyes • Have jaw • Have bones • Skeleton made up of cartilage • Have paired fins • Unique scales on skin • Ex: Shark, rays and skates

  8. Fish • Bony Fish / Ray-finned fish • Class Osteoichthyes • Have jaw • Have bones like ours • Paired fins attached to bony axis • Scales • Swim bladder to control position in water • Gills for O2/CO2 exchange • Ex: flounder, clownfish

  9. General Fish Characteristics • Circulation • Closed circulatory system • 2 chambered heart • Ventricles – pump blood; lots of muscle • Atrium – collect blood • Ectothermic (cold-blooded) • Body temp is controlled by outside • Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • External fertilization, external development

  10. Amphibians • Class Amphibia • Dual life –larvae are aquatic (in water), adults terrestrial (on land) • Have jaw • Have bones like ours • No scales • Respiration • Thin, moist skin, lungs, gills (juvenile) • Ex: newts, salamanders, toads

  11. General amphibian characteristics • Circulation • Closed circulatory system • 3chambered heart • 1 Ventricle • 2 Atria • Ectothermic • Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • External fertilization, external development • Metamorphosis • Limits parent/offspring competition

  12. Switch from water to land • Amniotic egg • Allow young to develop in a moist environment on dry land!

  13. Reproduction Patterns • Oviparous • Female lays eggs that are already fertilized • Most fish, most reptiles, all birds, few mammals • Ovoviviparous • Fertilized egg remains in body • Some fish (some sharks), some reptiles(boas, vipers) • Viviparous • Live birth—mother “feeds” young (no shell) • Placental mammals

  14. Reptiles • Class Reptilia • Terrestrial • Have jaw • Have bones like ours • Scales • Respiration • Lungs (aveoli) • Ex: crocodiles, lizards, snakes, turtles

  15. General Reptilian characteristics • Circulation • Closed circulatory system • 3.5 chambered heart • 1.5 Ventricles (partially divided) • 2 Atria • Ectothermic • Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • Internal fertilization, internal or external development

  16. Birds • Class Aves • Terrestrial with flight adaptation • Have jaw • Have bones like ours • Hollow for flight • Feathers • Respiration • Lungs (well-formed aveoli) • Ex: sparrows, hawks, parrots

  17. General Avian characteristics • Circulation • Closed circulatory system • 4chambered heart • 2 Ventricles • 2 Atria • Endothermic • Control own temperature • Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • Internal fertilization, external development • High amount of parental care

  18. 4 chambered heart • Highly efficient • Double pump mechanism • Oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood never mix • Right side pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs • Left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the entire body

  19. Mammals • Class Mammalia • Have jaw • Have bones like ours • Fur/ mammary glands/ 3 inner ear bones • Respiration • Lungs • Ex: cats, bats, rats

  20. General Mammalian characteristics • Circulation • Closed circulatory system • 4 chambered heart • Endothermic • Reproduction • Sexual reproduction • Internal fertilization, internal or external development • High amount of parental care • 3 subclasses

  21. Subclasses of Mammals A. Monotremes • Oviparous – thin, leathery shells • Examples: platypus, echidna B. Marsupials • No real “parity” • Baby develops partway in mother’s uterus • “Born”, then go into marsupian (pouch) to develop more • Examples: kangaroo, koala, opossum C. Placental mammals • Viviparous – give birth to live young • Nutrients go through umbilical cord in placenta • Examples: mouse, horse, human

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