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### **Introduction to Vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals** ###

Explore the fascinating world of vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Learn about their unique characteristics, reproductive patterns, and evolutionary adaptations. From the ocean depths to the skies above, discover the diversity of vertebrate life on Earth. ###

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### **Introduction to Vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals** ###

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  1. The Vertebrates

  2. The “Fish” Actually made up of 6 vertebrate classes • Hagfish • eel-like w/o jaws, paired fins or bone. No vertebrae either • Lamprey • like a hagfish but with a primate vertebral column of cartilage

  3. Cartilaginous fish • Shark, rays, skates and ratfish • Have jaws, bones & paired fins. • Skeleton made up of cartilage • Unique scales on skin • Lobed – fin fish • Lungfish and coelacanth • Mostly extinct • Ancestors to amphibians • Fins supported by main axis of bones

  4. The “fish” you know and love • Bony fish (Ray finned fish) • Jaws, paired fins and a skeleton of bone • Fins supported by rays of bone from central axis • Lungs (in a few) or swim bladder (controls buoyancy). Gills in most • Scales covered by mucous (reduces friction)

  5. More fish characteristics • Closed circulatory system w/ a series of blood vessels and a 2 chambered heart • Ventricles – muscular chambers to pump blood • Atrium – collecting chambers • In fish, oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mix then go to the gills for oxygenation (again). From the gills, blood goes to the body • Ectothermic • External control of body temperature

  6. Reproduction in fish • Separatesexes • Sperm produced in testes, eggs in ovaries • Basically external fertilization and development • High mortality rate for eggs and young • If all the cod eggs in the world were fertilized and made it to becoming adults, in 2 years, the oceans would be solid cod!

  7. Amphibians • Frogs, Toads, Salamanders and Mudpuppies and Newts • Aquatic larvae but terrestrial adults • Moist, thin skin w/o scales • Feet are webbed w/o claws • Use gills, lungs and skin for respiration • Eggs lack multicellular membranes or shells • Ectothermic

  8. 3 chambered heart • 2 atria and 1 ventricle. • Blood still mixes when it goes to the lungs and the body

  9. Separatesexes • External fertilization and development • Metamorphosis in frogs • Eggs hatch and develop into a tadpole • Tadpoles are herbivorous • Legs and arms develop as tail is absorbed • Adults are carnivorous

  10. Reptiles • Snakes, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, lizards and caymans • Body covered with dry scales • Terrestrial • Breathe through lungs with alveoli • Ectothermic

  11. 3.5 chambered heart (crocs have a 4 chambered heart) • 2 atria • 1.5 ventricles with a septum partially dividing the sides • Septum helps to separate the oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood • Oxygen poor blood goes to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the heart to be pumped to the body

  12. The Amniotic Egg A big moment in evolution!! Allowed for fetal development out of water

  13. Three patterns of reproduction • Oviparity - Female lays fertilized eggs Most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds & 2 species of mammals • Ovoviviparity – Fertilized eggs remain in body for a short time. Pit vipers, some shark (nurse shark) • Viviparity – No shells forms & young retained in body until mature. Oxygen and nutrients are transferred across a placenta Placental mammals

  14. Birds • Feathers • Wings • Hollow boned skeleton • Endothermic – can control their internal temperature • Lungs • Oviparity

  15. The 4 chambered HeartA double pump • 2 atria and 2 ventricles • Septum separates 1 right and left ventricles • Oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood never mix • Right side pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs • Left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the entire body • Animation

  16. Parental care • Birds are the first time we see extended parental care given to their young • Young are born helpless and need long periods of care and development before they can leave the nest.

  17. Mammals • Endothermic • Hair • 4 chambered heart • Double pump • Mammary glands • Extensive care given to young • Lungs • Specialized teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars)

  18. The Human Heart

  19. Three Subclasses • Monotremes Duck-billed platypus, echidna • Oviparous – thin, leathery shells • Echidna incubate eggs in leathery pouch on belly 2. Marsupials Kangaroo, koala, opossum, Tasmanian devil Embryo develop for short time in uterus then emerge & go into marsupian to complete development

  20. Placental MammalsHumans, dogs, dolphins, rodents • Viviparous– give birth to live young • Embryo gets nourishment via a placenta through the umbilical cord • After birth, young feed milk via mammary glands • Internal fertilization, internal development

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