Chapter 12 Motivation and Work

1. Chapter 12 Motivation and Work Jonah, Briana, Daisy and Michael

2. A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior! Four perspectives that psychologists used to understand motivation behaviors: Instinct, Driven reduction, Arousal and The Hierarchy of Needs! Motivation!

3. A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned! Examples: Infants rooting or sucking, Salmon returning to their birthplace. However this theory did not last long as it couldn’t explain human motives. Instinct

4. As the instinct theory collapsed this theory took its place. It is the idea that a physiological need creates an arousal tension state (drive) that motivates one to satisfy that need. Ex: Need for water, food Drive thirst, hunger Drive reducing behavior drinking, eating The aim of this is homeostasis, maintains of a balance or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as glucose, around a particular level. Ex: If our body temperature cools then blood vessels constrict to conserve warmth. Incentive can pull us use to satisfy our needs, as positive and negative environmental stimuli motivates are behavior. Such as the sight of someone we find attractive or the smell of delicious foods can “pull” us to behave differently! Drive-reduction Theory

5. Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek and increase optimum levels of arousal (when needs are satisfied we’re driven to experience stimulation to keep from getting bored and increase our arousal)! Examples 9-month-old infant who investigates every accessible corner of the House Monkey’s playing around trying to figure out how to unlock a hatch allowing them to see outside their room People trying novel foods or doing risky behaviors Arousal

6. In everyday life some priorities will over take others if the person is satisfied, and when this occurs other priorities (or motives) can be done. In 1970 a man named Abraham Moscow described it as a Hierarchy of needs. Which is a pyramid of physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then higher-level safety needs and then needs become active. Hierarchy of Motives

7. Physiology of Hunger There are other ways for one to get hunger besides their stomachs increasing. One could be the body regulating itself on it’s available resources like glucose (a form of sugar that circulates in the blood providing energy to body tissues). Another way is through the brain as it reaches signals from the stomach, liver or Intestines that reaches the hypothalamus, which motivates us to eat or not! However, if the signal hits the lower part of the hypothalamus it can depress are hunger. One hunger theory says that when the hypothalamus is manipulated it alters' the bodies “Weight thermostat” by producing a set point(the point where one’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set) for a weight level. When the weight falls below this level hunger increases and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore that weight, and when its to high it switches. The body regulates weight by controlling the food we eat and the basal metaphor rate (the bodies resting weight of energy expenditure). When a 24 week semistarvation experiment was complete, the test subjects stabilized three-quarters of their weight which resulted from reduced energy expenditure as 29% of their basal metabolic rate dropped. Hunger! Part 1

8. Psychology of Hunger Paul rozin and his colleagues tested if hunger had to do with one’s state of mind! The test was done with two patients who couldn’t remember anything after a minute (amnesia) where given 3 meals 20 mins after the previous one. This suggest that part of knowing when to eat is based on our memory of our last meal, as time crosses we think about when it’s time to eat again and start getting hungry! Biology and culture Our body chemistry and environmental factors together influence not only when we feel hunger, but what we feel hungry for- our taste preference etc. Examples: We have a need to feed on starchy, carbohydrate foods when feeling depressed/tense. What some countries find to be prized medal (and is usually healthy in most cases) other countries find repulsive. As Bedouins enjoy eating the eye of a camel, North Americans find that repulsive. Hunger! Part 2

9. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa is a disorder that starts out as a weight loss diet, but most people usually drop below normal weight and are obsessed with losing more. Most of these patients come from high expectation/competitive families and have low self evaluation. Bulimia nervosa usually begins when dieter breaks their diet or a restriction, and is characterized by episodes of over eating (usually high calorie foods), vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. Patients of this usually had a incident of childhood obesity and negative evaluation. Things these disorders have in common are they most commonly appear in women as they tend to focus on their appearance and body weight more than men and the patients are always concerned with what people think of them. Hunger! Part 3

10. Indiana University biologist Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues worked to find answers on peoples sexual practices. In the end they discovered that people had all sorts of general sexual backgrounds. Such as most men and half of women reported masturbating to orgasm before marriage seldom Had difficulties experiencing orgasm after marriage, some saying they never had a orgasm while others had several etc. Showing wide variety of sexual behavior In response to Kinsey’s finding survey’s they were studied and some done in a laboratory which created the Sexual response cycle (by Will Masters and Virginia Johnson). Which identifies four stages: Excitement stage Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Sexual Motivation

11. Excitement phase - Genital gets engorge in blood. Plateau Phase – excitement peaks at breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates Increases. Orgasm – muscle contractions concur all over the body, further increase in breathing, blood pressure etc. Resolution Phase – body returns to unaroused state as the engorged genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood. During this phase the male enters a refractory Period (a resting period after orgasm, during which men cannot achieve another orgasm) which can last from a few minutes to a day or more. With Masters and Johnson trying more to explain human sexual response cycle instead of just understanding it, they found out that some people may have sexual disorders ( a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning) that prevent them from experiencing it. Examples of some would be sexual motivation, lack of sexual energy and arousalbility, premature ejaculation for men (inability to maintain an erection), for woman orgasmic disorder (infrequent or absent orgasms) The Four Stages

12. In most mammals, nature synchronizes sex with fertility. Females become sexually receptive when producing the hormone Estrogen (secreted in greater amounts of females, In nonhuman female mammals levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity). Male hormones are more constant and is harder for researchers to manipulate the sexual behavior. Their hormones are called Testosterone (important part of male hormones as it stimulates the growth of the make sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty). Hormones and Sexual Behavior

13. External Studies have confirmed that men and shockingly some woman can both get aroused when they see, hear, or read erotic material. For research has shown that sexually explicit material can have multiple adverse affects on Individuals through many ways and have different outcomes. Some examples would be; images of sexually attractive women or men may also lead people to devaluate their own partnership/relationship. Viewing X rated films usually tends to diminish peoples satisfaction with their own sexual partners (Zillmann,1989) Imagined The brain being are most significant sex organ, can use stimuli inside our heads to influence sexual arousal and desires. Which has been proven as even people who have no genital sensation, due to spinal cord injury, can still feel sexual desires (Willmuth,1987). Sleep researchers have discovered that genital arousal accompanies all types of dreams, even ones with no sexual content. Nearly all men and some 40% of women have dreams containing sexual imagery that leads to orgasm. Men often have nighttime orgasms (wet dreams) when it hasn’t occurred recently. Wide awake people usually become sexually aroused not only by memories of past sexually activity but also by fantasies. Stimuli

14. Adolescents physical maturation fosters a sexual dimension to their emerging identity. However, sexual expression varies with the time and culture. When compared to European teens, American teens have lower rates of intercourse. However, because they also have low rates of contraceptive use, they have a higher pregnancy rate. An here is why: Ignorance with most teens overestimating their peers sexual activity, and that misperception might influence their own behavior. Guilt related to sexual activity one survey says that 72% of 12 – 17 years old American girls regret having sex. Sexual inhibition can reduce sexual activity. Minimal communication about birth control many teenagers are uncomfortable discussing contraception with their parents, peers, partners etc. Alcohol use by consuming alcohol it depresses the brain centers that controls judgment, inhibition, and self awareness. Causing break downs of normal restraints Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity TV and movie portrayals of unsafe sex without consequence, contends planned parenthood, amounts to a campaign of sex disinformation. Adolescent Sexuality

15. Unprotected sex has lead to increase rates of contractible diseases such as STD’s, HIV’s and many others. Two thirds of infections occur in women as their bodies have lower levels of protective antibodies, which makes them more vulnerable. Due to this many sex education programs have been made to teach the youth sexual restraints like: High intelligence as teens with high intelligence often delay sex, usually because they take account for the negative consequence that follows them. Religiosity as actively religious teens often reserve sex for martial commitment. Farther presence a father's absence can be a link to sexual activity before 16 and teen pregnancy. Participation in service learning programs experiments show that teens who take part in volunteer/community service tend to have lower pregnancy rates then other teens. This is possibly due to future oriental thinking, low opportunities for unprotected sex, promoting responsibility and other qualities etc. Sexually transmitted infections

16. To motivate is to energize and direct behavior. Considering the energizing of sexual motivation but not it’s direction, we express this through our Sexual Orientation (our enduring sexual attraction towards the same sex, homosexual, or other sex, heterosexual). All cultures have predominantly been heterosexuality, prevailing over homosexuality as it is more accepted. In a 2002 Gallup survey it estimated that the average American men are 21% gay and 22& of women are lesbian. A dozen national surveys in both Europe and U.S.A in the early 1990’s show that about 3 or 4 percent of men and 1 or 2 percent of women To be a homosexual in a heterosexual world is difficult as one experience a number of issues such as: Family members pleading you to change your heterosexuality lifestyle, people making crude jokes about heterosexual people, getting fired for openly admitting or displaying your feelings to the same sex etc! Sexually Orientation & Statistics

17. Investigators asses nearly every thinkable psychological cause of homosexuality from parental relationships, childhood sexual experiences, to peer relationships, dating experiences etc! Their finding were that homosexuals were no more likely than heterosexuals to have been smothered by maternal love, neglected by their fathers, or sexually abuse. One theory proposes that people develop same-sex erotic attachments if segregated by gender at the time their sex drive matures . However overall if they are environmental factors to influence sexual orientation, it is not known to us yet! Origins of Sexual Orientation

18. In Coney island’s New York Aquarium biologist Bruce Bargermihl discovered that homosexuality also takes place in the animal kingdom. As he identified several hundred species that occasional had same-sex relations. Penguins Grizzles Gorillas Monkeys Flamingos Same-Sex Attraction in Animals

19. Gay scientist LeVay conducted a blind experiment studying the hypothalamus from a deceased hetero and homosexual. After 9 months he broke the codes discovering that the cell cluster in the heterosexual men were larger than in women and homosexual men. What does this mean? He thought! His answer was that brain anatomy may influence sexual behavior , as the brain structure varies with experience (which also includes sexual experience). This idea was concluded by two researchers saying that the brain anatomy influences sexual orientation after discovering that a section of the anterior commissure is one third larger in homosexual men than in heterosexual men. The Brain and Sexual Orientation

20. Genes are very important when involving one’s sexual orientation. In one thirds experiments mangaed to create female fruit flies that during courtship act like males by pursing females, and males that act like females. This displays how a single gene in the fruit fly is sufficient to determine all aspects of the flies sexual orientation and behavior. Interesting facts!!!!!! 1st-Homosexuality does run in the family! 2nd-Twin studies shows that genes play a role in explaining one’s difference in sexual orientation (results may vary as identical twins are more likely to share a co-twins homosexuality orientation, rather than fraternal twins) Genes and sexual orientation

21. Surely one significance of sexual intimacy is its expression of our profoundly social nature. For sex is a socially significant act, though both men and women can achieve orgasms alone. Most will find a greater satisfaction while embracing their loved one. Sex and Human Values

22. When separated from friends or family for whatever reason, most people feel keenly their lost connections with important others. As we are what Aristotle calls “Social Animal” meaning that we need to affiliate with others, urge to community. Social bonds boosted our ancestors survival rate as cooperation's (also applying to today) in groups also enhance our survival. For throughout our time on earth we have been able to better ourselves in survival by gathering/ uniting together. We also have a need to wanting to belong, such as feeling joy when involved within a relationship. Or any other means that brings us satisfaction/or a feeling of being meaningful. The Need To Belong

23. To live is to work! It satisfies the levels of need in Maslow’s pyramid of needs, supports us, defines us, connects us etc. Within all that life throws at us between being stressed and boredom there is a zone called The flow (a focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engaging of one’s skills) Motivation can be highly changed among the work force as multiple aspects in this wide range change, will attitudes towards it Change? To study such behavior is to become a Industrial Organizational Psychology ( application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces) Two subfields: Personal psychology subfield of I/O (industrial organizational) that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, training, placement, appraisal and development. Organizational Psychology another subfield examining organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilities organizational change. Motivation at work

24. Psychologists can assist organization at various stages of selecting and assessing employees! In which they can identity needed job skills, recruit and evaluate applicants, introduce/ train new employees, appraise their approval etc! Examples: An AT&T resource executive was able to better the productivity rate of customer service representatives by collecting data based on the applicants to identify one’s that were likely to succeed as customer representatives. Or by doing structured interviews (interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales) they are able to pinpoint strengths (attitudes, behaviors, knowledge etc) that their looking for in the designated line of work available. Personnel Psychology

25. The appraisal of work and matching of talents to work matter, but so does overall motivation! Achievement motivation is a desire for significant accomplishments: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard. For from one’s eagerness and persistence for realistic challenges, people with high achievement motivation do achieve more. Intrinsic motivation a desire to perform a behavior for it’s own sake or to be effective Ex: Informative reward Mom: “Your grades were well, lets celebrate by going out to eat!” Intrinsic Motivation Kid: “I love doing well!” Extrinsic motivation a desire to perform a certain behavior due to promise rewards or threats of punishments Ex: Controlling reward Mom: “I’ll give you $10 for every A you get!” Extrinsic motivation kid: “As long as she pays me, I’ll study!” Organization Psychology Motivating Achievement

26. Task leaderships- goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organize work, and focuses attention on goals. Social Leadership- group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, offers support an more! Leaderships

27. homeostasis, maintains of a balance or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as glucose, around a particular level. Incentive can pull us use to satisfy our needs, as positive and negative environmental stimuli motivates are behavior. Hierarchy of needs Named by Abraham Moscow in 1970, described it as a Which is a pyramid of physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then higher-level safety needs and then needs become active. Glucose a form of sugar that circulates in the blood providing energy to body tissues. Definitions