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MOTIVATION AND WORK

MOTIVATION AND WORK. MOTIVATION. A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. Nature (the physiological) Nurture (the cognitive and cultural) Example of Aron Ralston’s motivation to live. Hiking accident in 2003. FOUR PERSPECTIVES.

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MOTIVATION AND WORK

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  1. MOTIVATION AND WORK

  2. MOTIVATION • A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. • Nature (the physiological) • Nurture (the cognitive and cultural) • Example of Aron Ralston’s motivation to live. Hiking accident in 2003

  3. FOUR PERSPECTIVES • Instinct theory (replaced by evolutionary perspective) • Drive-reduction theory-interaction between inner pushes and external pulls. Drives usually distinguished from motives. Drive-strong biological component-hunger, thirst in contrast to motives that are urges which are mainly learned.

  4. Physiological aim of drive-reduction is homeostasis. • Arousal theory-urge for optimum level of stimulation. Both high and low levels of arousal tend to lower performance. Moderate arousal usually results in best performance. Inverted U function. • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- ranking of needs- if lower need is unsatisfied, there is motivation to first satisfy that need first before seeking to satisfy other needs.

  5. Physiology of Hunger Lateral hypothalmus hunger triggering hormone orexin Ventromedial hypo- thalamus depresses hunger When blood glucose levels drop-hunger increases GHRELIN –hormone arousing hunger secreted by empty stomach Leptin –hunger suppressing protein secreted by fat cells PYY-digestive hormone all suppresses hunger. Insulin secreted by pancreas controls blood glucose

  6. Psychology of Hunger • Taste preferences-

  7. Hot cultures like hot spices India –averages 10 spices/meal Finland-2 spices/meal Food aversions during pregnancy peak about 10 week when embryo most vulnerable to toxins.

  8. Social influences on motivation • NEED TO BELONG Boosted ancestors’ survival rate. Influences our thoughts and emotions. “What makes your life meaningful?” May conform to avoid rejection May remain in abusive relationship Motivated to avoid ostracism

  9. Motivation at Work • Industrial/organization (I/O) psychology Human factors (engineering) psychology Personnel psychology Organizational psychology

  10. Personnel psychology • Interview illusion • Structured interviews • Unstructured interviews • Performance appraisal vulnerable to bias: Halo errors Leniency and severity errors Recency errors

  11. Organizational psychology • How to maximize achievement motivation Self-discipline appears to be a more accurate predictor of school performance, attendance, and graduation honors than intelligence. Example: B.F. Skinner

  12. Satisfaction and engagement Positive moods contribute to creativity, persistence, and helpfulness. • Engaged employees(working with passion and feeling a connection to company) result in less turnover, higher productivity, greater profits. • Larry Brown (Detroit Pistons) 4-5 positive comments to every 1 negative comment

  13. Leadership • Task leadership-setting standards, • organizing work • Social leadership-mediating conflicts and building high achieving teams • Harley-Davidson CEO changed leadership from command and control to joint-vision process

  14. Unique jobs? p. 498

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