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Rydberg Matter – a common form of matter in the Universe Leif Holmlid Abstract:

Rydberg Matter – a common form of matter in the Universe Leif Holmlid Abstract:

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Rydberg Matter – a common form of matter in the Universe Leif Holmlid Abstract:

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  1. Rydberg Matter – a common form of matter in the Universe Leif Holmlid Abstract: The electronically excited condensed matter named Rydberg Matter seems to be a state of matter of the same significance as liquid or solid matter. In fact, it may be the most common form of matter in the Universe. In this talk, spectroscopic signatures from space will be discussed and described in terms of transitions in Rydberg Matter, both in emission, absorption, and stimulated Raman. The interpretations are based on experimental results. Recent experiments give proof for metallic atomic hydrogen, of interest not only for intergalactic space but possibly also for understanding planets like Jupiter.

  2. Rydberg Matter forms planar clusters A perspective view of a cluster of Rydberg Matter with 19 atoms or molecules. The core ions in space will in general be H+ and H2+, with one electron per atom or molecule excited to the RM region. The clusters are formed by interacting circular Rydberg species

  3. Experimental verification: RM in a tunable cavity - the RM laser The RM laser is a thermal laser, converting thermal energy to laser light in the IR. Extremely broadband tunable, 800 – 16000 nm and longer. Schematical drawing of the setup for observing the spectra of stimulated emission. The grating is turned under computer control. The chopper and end mirror can be replaced by a spinning mirror. Publications on stimulated emission from RM: L. Holmlid, Chem. Phys. Lett. 367 (2003) 556-560. S. Badiei and L. Holmlid, Chem. Phys. Lett. 376 (2003) 812-817. L. Holmlid, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 (2004) 357-374. Emitters for RM: here alkali doped metal oxide catalysts, otherwise carbon w. alkali atoms

  4. Metal-like conduction band with delocalized electrons that give the bonding Transitions for the stimulated emission Two-electron processes in general Energy diagram for RM

  5. Stimulated emission: signal from cavity n2 = 40-80 n4” Cutoff due to MCT detector

  6. Stimulated emission from RM n2 n4” RM theory agrees well with UIR bands: A&A 358 (2000) 276-286

  7. UIR band structure: Stimulated Raman with He-Ne laser, backscattered Calculated from Raman shift Black curves: calculated from RM model to fit UIR type A = nebulae, galaxies Bregman et al. (1989) UIR type B = carbon-rich stars Buss et al. (1993) Astrophys. J. 548 (2001) L249-L252.

  8. Peaks of unidentified infrared bands = UIR bands High upper level due to resonance with Rydberg state stimulated emission n = 9 5 and 7 5. Comparison of transitions in the RM laser and in space (from Kahanpää et al. 2003)

  9. Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) seen in absorption against reddened stars More than 280 bands with widths 0.5 – 140 cm-1 at 400 -900 nm Process for DIB transitions: co-planar state n3 n4 L. Holmlid, “Rydberg Matter as the diffuse interstellar band (DIB) carriers in interstellar space: the model and accurate calculations of band centers”. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6 (2004) 2048-2058.

  10. DIB band heads Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6 (2004) 2048-2058.

  11. Best evidence: 60 sharp DIB bands

  12. Intensities for all DIBs X overlap with other transitions Band heads Low intensity for states nn n4-1 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6 (2004) 2048-2058.

  13. DARK MATTER = RM? H atom in RM with n=80 occupies 1012 larger volume than in ground state.. Badiei & Holmlid, “Rydberg Matter in space - low density condensed dark matter”. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 333 (2002) 360-364. Faraday rotation in intergalactic space Badiei & Holmlid, “Magnetic field in the intracluster medium: Rydberg matter with almost free electrons”. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.335 (2002) L94-L98. Stack of RM clusters, stable at low temperature. Attracted and aligned by magnetic forces, held apart by electrostatic forces

  14. Quantized redshifts at 21 cm wavelength Observed in the local supercluster of galaxies Redshift from stimulated Raman in translating electron states in RM clusters Astrophys. Space Sci. 291 (2004) 99-111

  15. Experimental studies of redshifts in RM 20-60 K Lead salt diode lasers single-mode Dn = 10-4 cm-1 Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004) 871-877. Similar studies: Phys. Rev. A 63 (2001) 013817-1-013817-10. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 26 (2004) 103-111.

  16. RM emitter temp. Redshifts in transmission through cold RM Size 0.02 cm-1 Etalon tempe- rature T coeff. 10-2 cm-1 K-1

  17. Redshifts 0.02 cm-1 in reflection from deposited (cold) layer of RM Hot RM gives blueshifts instead. Redshifts in space Calculations using stimulated Raman theory from these results give redshifts of at least the same size as observed Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004) 871-877

  18. Pulsed laser fragmentation of RM ns pulses excite pairs of electrons and give Coulomb explosions. The smaller cluster/ particle moves away with most of the kinetic energy d = 2.9 n2a0 W = e2/(4pe0d) Low excitation levels in RM are studied

  19. Hydrogen molecule RM RM Coulomb explosion experiments Wang & Holmlid, Chem. Phys. Lett. 325 (2000) 264-268, Chem. Phys. 261 (2000) 481-48, ibid 277 (2002) 201-210; Badiei & Holmlid Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 220 (2002) 127-136, Chem. Phys. 282 (2002) 137-146.

  20. Hydrogen atom RM at n = 1 n = 1 is the lowest possible state of RM which is the same as metallic hydrogen 9.4 eV from Coulomb explosion d = 150 ± 8 pm Badiei & Holmlid, Phys. Lett. A 327 (2004) 186-191

  21. Multiple repulsions + <--> 2+ (18 ev), 3+ (27 eV) Very high proton energies Hydrodynamic acceleration > 1 keV for H+ observed in experiments with acceleration lengths of 1 cm Cosmic rays? Badiei & Holmlid, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (2004) 7017-7023.

  22. IR observation from comets Ultra-red matter detected might be RM. RM emits selectively in the IR, as seen in the RM laser ”Deep Space” flyby at Comet 19P/Borrelly

  23. Polarization at comets Reflectance of sun from comets, visible light, unpolarized Negative polarization possible? for RM The observed polarization P is much too low for almost any assumption about particle size, shape and composition. Planar RM clusters probably have few polarizability elements (but large!) which gives good agreement. two classes

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