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Introduction to Neuroscience

Introduction to Neuroscience. Ethics! Michael Nelson, PhD July 25th , 2014. Team-Based Learning. Clear the front 4 tables Arrange yourselves into groups of 3(2) or 4(1) Gather around a table as a group Observe the response cards labeled “A”, “B”, “C”, and “D”. Question to Discuss.

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Introduction to Neuroscience

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  1. Introduction to Neuroscience Ethics! Michael Nelson, PhD July 25th, 2014

  2. Team-Based Learning Clear the front 4 tables Arrange yourselves into groups of 3(2) or 4(1) Gather around a table as a group Observe the response cards labeled “A”, “B”, “C”, and “D”

  3. Question to Discuss The Dauphin Island Sea Lab was founded in 1971 by: The French The State Legislature The Federal Government Flipper

  4. B Est. 1971: AL State Legislature

  5. Question to Discuss The Estuarium focuses entirely on: The French An estimate rather than known facts Wildlife that live in estuaries The Mobile-Tensaw Estuary System

  6. D http://dauphinislandhistory.org/af/af_tower_fm_boat2009_600x450.jpg

  7. Question to Discuss UAB has been providing the Introduction to Neurobiology course since: The French landed West of here The late ‘90’s The early naughtie’s (just learned that one) Just how old is Dr. Keyser? (whatever the answer, he doesn’t look it…)

  8. B

  9. Question to Discuss Our food at DISL is being provided: By French culinary artists What food?????????? To provide an accurate experience of clinical gastrointestinal distress By very nice people who enjoy serving us

  10. Take your pick I don’t think they’re French…but they are always smiling! I’ll pick a toss-up between B and D

  11. A Moral Dilemma “The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few – or the one.” “The needs of the one outweigh the needs of the many.”

  12. The Trolley Problem http://welovephilosophy.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/trolley-b3o.png?w=660

  13. How would you respond? Allow the trolley to keep going Throw the lever Put on your Superman Cape and stop the trolley

  14. A Twist… http://1000words1000days.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FatGuy-2.jpg

  15. Allow the trolley to keep going Push the man off the bridge Put on your Superman Cape and stop the trolley

  16. Why Keep a Lab Notebook??

  17. We use and misuse lots of data! http://dilbert.com/dyn/str_strip/000000000/00000000/0000000/000000/00000/5000/600/5651/5651.strip.gif

  18. Fabrication of Data http://dilbert.com/dyn/str_strip/000000000/00000000/0000000/000000/00000/5000/600/5652/5652.strip.zoom.gif

  19. Fabrication of Data • ORI Definition (42 CFR 93.103) • “…making up data or results and recording or reporting them.” • UAB Policy: • “Validity and accuracy in the collecting and reporting of data are intrinsically essential to the scientific process…”

  20. Plagiarism (and self-plagiarism) • ORI (42 CFR 93.103) • “…the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit.” • UAB Graduate student handbook • “…claiming as your own the ideas, words, data, computer programs, creative compositions, artwork, etc., done by someone else.”

  21. What is Scientific Misconduct? “…fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices which seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research.” FFP

  22. What is NOT Scientific Misconduct? Honest error Difference of opinion Difference in interpretation or judgment of data

  23. Data Management and Research Integrity The responsibility of the project P.I. and all research team members A core value for UAB and for the research community A significant investment of time, energy, and resources

  24. What is Data? • True or False (A or B)? • In research, only the information and observations that are made as part of the inquiry are considered data. • FALSE! • Data also includes anything related to understanding the data generated by the project. (Samples collected, survey instruments, cell lines, informed consent documents, procedures, products generated, online content)

  25. Data Collection What is the role of Data Collection in completing successful research? Ensuring the validity of data is key Ensuring reliability is key Ensuring both validity and reliability is key It doesn’t matter

  26. Data Collection • Upholds the integrity of the project • Details the rationale for the project and its design • Yields reliable and valid results • Allows for accurate analysis and measurement • Allows others to replicate the process and evaluate the results

  27. Use of Animals in Research

  28. Animal Rights vs. Animal Welfare • Animal Rights: • Is a philosophical belief system • Is one of many different belief systems • Is a belief system based on ethical concerns for animals • Animal Welfare • Is different: it is about humane treatment and good science • Considers both an animal’s physical health and psychological well-being

  29. Psychological Well-Being Involves: Addressing animals’ motivational needs Providing animals with choice and control Matching the environment to animals’ natural adaptations Encouraging animals to develop and use their cognitive abilities

  30. The subject of animal rights is more concerned with philosophy – and less concerned with science. The subject of animal welfare is more concerned with science – and less concerned with philosophy. Our philosophical views are individual and personal, but animal welfare is not in dispute and is important for its own sake, but also for good science. Poor animal welfare Poor animal science

  31. Challenges to Interpreting Animal Research Are the tests predictive of human responses? Why do acute drug reactions happen in humans if safety was predicted by animal studies? There are many similarities between human and animal biological systems Extrapolation does work in many research models and areas of research

  32. 3R’s Replacement – Animal models are replaced by non-animal methods, animals of lower sentience, or animal tissues used ex-vivo. Reduction – Statistical methods, use of “historical” control groups, genetically-defined animals (improved data grouping, less dispersion), longitudinal studies Refinement – limit adverse impact through technique

  33. Is Inflicting Pain in an Animal Ever Morally Acceptable? Discuss

  34. Is Inflicting Pain in an Animal Ever Morally Acceptable? • Consider: • Degree of sentience – pain/pleasure index • Cognitive capacity • Capacity to flourish (satisfy unique needs) • Sociability • Possession of a life (the value of life itself) • Are there any limits? • How are the above to be weighed and integrated?

  35. Is Inflicting Pain in an Animal Ever Morally Acceptable? • Consider • Research goals • Probability of success • Species of animals proposed • Impact on the animals • Are there alternatives to this approach? • Consideration outcomes: • A) Unconditional; B) Conditional use; C) Moral Dilemma; D) Only if the animal benefits

  36. Resolving these Difficult Conflicts • The cost-benefit analysis should be rigorously employed • Absolute limits remain under consideration (bans on particular studies or animal models) • Elevate and reinvigorate the importance of the 3R’s before proceeding with animal studies • Manage of pain and suffering is imperative!

  37. What are our safeguards and responsibilities as researchers? • We as a research community are charged by the public with the responsibility to assure animal welfare in exchange for the privilege of utilizing animals in the advancement of human welfare. • Animal Welfare Act (1965) • IACUC • Psychological well-being of non-human primates • Exercise for dogs

  38. What are our safeguards and responsibilities as researchers? • “The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” • Covers all vertebrate species • Failure -> loss of funding to the institution • Program integration • Physical plant • Animal environment, housing, and management • Personnel qualifications and training

  39. Everyone is responsible for insuring the welfare of all animals Anonymous alerting to inappropriate care and use Whistle-blower policy against retaliation Use your head but don’t let yourself get dumped on

  40. If you have more questions: Ask me or any of the other instructors! If we don’t know, then we know where to find the information. Contact your institutions Research Integrity Officer (RIO) – UAB’s: Jeff Engler Search for yourself!

  41. Authorship

  42. Authorship Guidelines*according to MP Nelson* • An author should be someone who contributes significantly to the work: • Writing all or part of the manuscript • Substantive editing/proofreading • Experimental analysis/figure generation • Project design and guidance • Experimental design • Substantial experimental contribution

  43. First Author Does C. Michaels deserve this position? YES NO

  44. Second Author Does E.F. Lee deserve this position? YES NO

  45. Third Author Does P.S. Sap deserve this position? YES NO

  46. Fourth/Middle Author Does S.T. Nichols deserve this position? YES NO

  47. Second-to-Last Author Does L. Oliveira deserve this position? YES NO

  48. Last Author Does B.S. Smith deserve this position? YES NO

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