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Understanding Neuroanatomy: From Neurons to Behavior

Explore the fundamental aspects of neuroanatomy, including neuron classification, brain structure, and the relationship between structure and function. Learn about neurons, glial cells, brain regions, and how they impact behavior and cognition.

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Understanding Neuroanatomy: From Neurons to Behavior

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  1. PS1000 Introduction to Neuroscience Dr Claire Gibson School of Psychology, University of Leicester cg95@le.ac.uk

  2. Functional Neuroanatomy – The Nervous System and Behaviour • Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System PS1000

  3. Functional NeuroanatomyThe Nervous System and Behaviour Overview • Cells of the nervous system (NS) • Gross neuroanatomy Introduction to the larger-scale neural structures that are constructed from the cellular building blocks • Functional neuroanatomy Correlating anatomy with behaviour PS1000

  4. Cells of the nervous system • Nerve cells (neurons) • specialised cells • convey sensory information into the brain • transmit commands from the brain to control organs and muscles, • thought, feeling, action • form complex circuits • Glial cells • support (variety of mechanisms) PS1000

  5. The Neuron • Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) • Neurons were continuous with one another • Nearly endless network of connected tubes • Revolutionary staining • Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) • Used Golgi’s staining techniques • Neurones are not continuous with one anotehr • Small gaps exist PS1000

  6. The Neuron Doctrine • States that; The brain is composed of separate neurons (and other cells) that are independent structurally, metabolically and functionally. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses – Charles Sherrington). PS1000

  7. PS1000

  8. Structure of the Neuron • Common to all neurons; • Input zone Cellular extensions (dendrites) which receive inputs from other neurones, branched • Integration zone Cell body region • Conduction zone A single extension (axon) transmits information away from the cell body • Output zone Axon terminals (synaptic boutons), communicate the cell’s activity to other cells PS1000

  9. Classification of neurones • Shape • Size • Function PS1000

  10. Classification of neurones • Shape • Bipolar neurones • Monopolar neurones • Multipolar neurones PS1000

  11. Classification of neurones • Size • considerable variety in shape and size • larger neurones more complex inputs/outputs cover greater distances convey information more rapidly ….than smaller neurones PS1000

  12. Classification of neurones • Function i) motor neuron (motoneuron) located in spinal cord, transmits information from the spinal cord to the muscles, ii) sensory neuron a neuron directly affected by changes in the environment (e.g. touch) iii) Interneuron neither a sensory or motoneuron, receives information from and sends output to other neurones, PS1000

  13. Glial cells • Glia = glue (greek) • Originally thought to simply ‘stick’ NS together • Structural support • Communicate (with each other and neurones) • Directly affect neuronal functioning • Provide raw materials and chemical signals • Directly affect neuronal structure and excitability, PS1000

  14. Glial cells Dendrites Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Main types; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells Neuron cell body PS1000

  15. Synapses (PS1003) PS1000

  16. The Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Cranial nerves • Spinal nerves • Autonomic nervous system PS1000

  17. The Brain • 1400g (~2% body weight) • Cerebral hemispheres • Convolutions = folding= gyri (gyrus) • Separated from each other by sulci (sulcus) • White matter – fiber tracts • Grey matter – cell bodies and dendrites (lack myelin) • CNS = hierarchial PS1000

  18. Forebrain • Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus • Cerebral hemispheres • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal (bones) • Corpus callosum PS1000

  19. PS1000

  20. Support and nourishment for the brain PS1000

  21. Support and nourishment for the brain • Ventricular system • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Choroid plexus PS1000

  22. Relating structure to function The case of Phineas Gage (1848) • 25-yr old construction worker • 3.5 foot long tamping iron through cheek and out of skull • Regained consciousness, talk, walk, • No impairment of; speech, learning, memory, intelligence • Dramatic personality changes • Post-mortem – damage to both areas of frontal lobe for processing emotions and making rational decisions • Localisation of function PS1000

  23. Summary • Neurons and glia • The neuron doctrine • Classification of neurons • Anatomy of the brain (forebrain) • Support and nourishment for the brain – meninges, CSF • Localisation of functions within the brain PS1000

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