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Introduction to Neuroscience

PS1000. Introduction to Neuroscience. Dr Claire Gibson School of Psychology, University of Leicester cg95@le.ac.uk. Functional Neuroanatomy – The Nervous System and Behaviour Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System. Functional Neuroanatomy The Nervous System and Behaviour.

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Introduction to Neuroscience

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  1. PS1000 Introduction to Neuroscience Dr Claire Gibson School of Psychology, University of Leicester cg95@le.ac.uk

  2. Functional Neuroanatomy – The Nervous System and Behaviour • Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System PS1000

  3. Functional NeuroanatomyThe Nervous System and Behaviour Overview • Cells of the nervous system (NS) • Gross neuroanatomy Introduction to the larger-scale neural structures that are constructed from the cellular building blocks • Functional neuroanatomy Correlating anatomy with behaviour PS1000

  4. Cells of the nervous system • Nerve cells (neurons) • specialised cells • convey sensory information into the brain • transmit commands from the brain to control organs and muscles, • thought, feeling, action • form complex circuits • Glial cells • support (variety of mechanisms) PS1000

  5. The Neuron • Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) • Neurons were continuous with one another • Nearly endless network of connected tubes • Revolutionary staining • Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) • Used Golgi’s staining techniques • Neurones are not continuous with one anotehr • Small gaps exist PS1000

  6. The Neuron Doctrine • States that; The brain is composed of separate neurons (and other cells) that are independent structurally, metabolically and functionally. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses – Charles Sherrington). PS1000

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  8. Structure of the Neuron • Common to all neurons; • Input zone Cellular extensions (dendrites) which receive inputs from other neurones, branched • Integration zone Cell body region • Conduction zone A single extension (axon) transmits information away from the cell body • Output zone Axon terminals (synaptic boutons), communicate the cell’s activity to other cells PS1000

  9. Classification of neurones • Shape • Size • Function PS1000

  10. Classification of neurones • Shape • Bipolar neurones • Monopolar neurones • Multipolar neurones PS1000

  11. Classification of neurones • Size • considerable variety in shape and size • larger neurones more complex inputs/outputs cover greater distances convey information more rapidly ….than smaller neurones PS1000

  12. Classification of neurones • Function i) motor neuron (motoneuron) located in spinal cord, transmits information from the spinal cord to the muscles, ii) sensory neuron a neuron directly affected by changes in the environment (e.g. touch) iii) Interneuron neither a sensory or motoneuron, receives information from and sends output to other neurones, PS1000

  13. Glial cells • Glia = glue (greek) • Originally thought to simply ‘stick’ NS together • Structural support • Communicate (with each other and neurones) • Directly affect neuronal functioning • Provide raw materials and chemical signals • Directly affect neuronal structure and excitability, PS1000

  14. Glial cells Dendrites Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Main types; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells Neuron cell body PS1000

  15. Synapses (PS1003) PS1000

  16. The Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Cranial nerves • Spinal nerves • Autonomic nervous system PS1000

  17. The Brain • 1400g (~2% body weight) • Cerebral hemispheres • Convolutions = folding= gyri (gyrus) • Separated from each other by sulci (sulcus) • White matter – fiber tracts • Grey matter – cell bodies and dendrites (lack myelin) • CNS = hierarchial PS1000

  18. Forebrain • Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus • Cerebral hemispheres • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal (bones) • Corpus callosum PS1000

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  20. Support and nourishment for the brain PS1000

  21. Support and nourishment for the brain • Ventricular system • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Choroid plexus PS1000

  22. Relating structure to function The case of Phineas Gage (1848) • 25-yr old construction worker • 3.5 foot long tamping iron through cheek and out of skull • Regained consciousness, talk, walk, • No impairment of; speech, learning, memory, intelligence • Dramatic personality changes • Post-mortem – damage to both areas of frontal lobe for processing emotions and making rational decisions • Localisation of function PS1000

  23. Summary • Neurons and glia • The neuron doctrine • Classification of neurons • Anatomy of the brain (forebrain) • Support and nourishment for the brain – meninges, CSF • Localisation of functions within the brain PS1000

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