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Reading and dyslexia

Reading and dyslexia. Jason D. Zevin, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry jdz2001@med.cornell.edu. What is reading? What can go wrong with reading? What do we know about the brain basis of reading?. What is reading? What can go wrong with reading?

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Reading and dyslexia

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  1. Reading and dyslexia Jason D. Zevin, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry jdz2001@med.cornell.edu

  2. What is reading? What can go wrong with reading? What do we know about the brain basis of reading?

  3. What is reading? What can go wrong with reading? What do we know about the brain basis of reading?

  4. Let’s read some words out loud together. Just say them out loud as they come up on the screen…

  5. HINT

  6. MINT

  7. PINT

  8. HORS D’OEUVRES

  9. What happened there? • There are (at least) two ways to read a word. • - You can figure out how it’s pronounced based on “rules.” • - You can remember how it’s pronounced because you’ve learned it before.

  10. A historically important model is based on more or less this intuition… PINT P as in PIT I as in IT N as in NAP T as in TIE is pronounced with a ‘long I’ Coltheart et al., 2001, Psych Review

  11. English is quirky

  12. What is reading? What can go wrong with reading? What do we know about the brain basis of reading?

  13. Marshall & Newcombe, 1973 PHASE -> FACE REAPPLY -> REPLY DEVOUR -> “DAVER” (but also): GAUGE -> JUG GOAL -> GOLD LOGIC -> LUGUS

  14. SICK -> ILL LARGE -> BIG BERRY -> GRAPES (but also): SYMPATHY -> ORCHESTRA RESIGN -> CROWN FREQUENT -> “um, something to do with trains, wagon train…SLOW” (?!)

  15. Summary of a large number of cases by Crisp & Lambon Ralph, 2006

  16. An alternative perspective…

  17. Consider: Phonological dyslexics typically have more general phonological problems.

  18. Consider: There is a strong association between “exception word” reading and general semantic abilities. Woollams et al., 2010 (Psych Review)

  19. What is reading? What can go wrong with reading? What do we know about the brain basis of reading?

  20. Turkeltaub et al., 2002, meta-analysis of 11 studies

  21. Richlan et al., 2009, Human Brain Mapping (meta-analysis of 17 studies of developmental dyslexia)

  22. Some take-away points Reading is complicated.* The brain is complicated. So it’s difficult to reverse-engineer cognitive processes from complex ramifications of brain lesions. Luckily, we have brain imaging. (So we can see that really an awful lot of the brain is involved in reading.) The puzzle is trying to fit our cognitive models (which work pretty well) together with what we know about the brain. *So far we’ve mainly been talking about single words!!

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