Chapter 16 THE NEW DEAL

1. Chapter 16 THE NEW DEAL Section 1: Restoring Hope Section 2: New Challenges Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts

2. Section 1: Restoring Hope Objectives: • How did the New Deal provide relief for the unemployed? • How did the New Deal promote industrial and agricultural recovery? • What were the New Deal goals for the Tennessee Valley region? • How did the Roosevelt administration address the concerns of African Americans and American Indians?

3. Section 1: Restoring Hope New Deal relief for the unemployed • The FERA provided direct federal aid. • The CWA created jobs such as raking leaves and picking up litter. • The CCC put young men to work in parks and forests.

4. Section 1: Restoring Hope New Deal contributions to industrial and agricultural recovery • NIRA passed to stimulate business activity and reduce unemployment • PWA initiated public works projects. • NRA encouraged businesses to draw up codes to regulate hours, prices, production levels, and wages. • Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which paid farmers subsidies to grow less.

5. Section 1: Restoring Hope New Deal goals for the Tennessee Valley region • provide flood control and combat soil erosion • provide electricity and improve the standard of living • combat malaria • combat illiteracy • provide recreational facilities

6. Section 1: Restoring Hope The New Deal and African Americans • African Americans were appointed to government posts. • Federal Council on Negro Affairs was established. • Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt resigned her membership in the DAR and arranged for Marian Anderson to sing at the Lincoln Memorial to protest DAR actions.

7. Section 1: Restoring Hope The New Deal and American Indians • John Collier was appointed as commissioner of Indian Affairs. • The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was passed.

8. Section 2: New Challenges Objectives: • What were the criticisms aimed at the New Deal? • How did the Second New Deal enable President Roosevelt to win re-election easily in 1936? • How did Roosevelt try to prevent the Supreme Court from overturning his programs? • How did the Second New Deal benefit labor and agriculture? • What was Roosevelt’s recession, and what effect did it have?

9. Section 2: New Challenges Criticism of the New Deal • claims that the New Deal was destroying the Constitution and free enterprise • accusations of “irresponsible ravings against millionaires and businessmen” • desire for pensions for Americans over 60 • desire for government to nationalize banks and return to the silver standard • desire for the Share-Our-Wealth program

10. Section 2: New Challenges The Second New Deal and Roosevelt’s re-election in 1936 • included a broad range of programs, such as the WPA, the NYA, the Social Security Act, the REA, and the Revenue Act of 1935 • won FDR support from many different Americans, including African Americans, farmers, labor union members, unemployed workers, and many Republicans

11. Section 2: New Challenges Roosevelt and the Supreme Court Roosevelt attempted to prevent the Supreme Court from overturning his programs by asking Congress for the power to appoint one new justice for each justice over 70 years old. This was called “packing” the Court.

12. Section 2: New Challenges Second New Deal benefits to labor and agriculture • The Wagner-Connery Act guaranteed labor’s right to organize and bargain collectively. • The FSA provided low-interest, long-term loans to help tenant farmers and sharecroppers buy land. • The FSA also established camps providing shelter and medical care for migrant farmworkers. • The AAA of 1938 authorized subsidies to farmers who practiced soil conservation and crop reduction.

13. Section 2: New Challenges Roosevelt’s recession • In response to criticism about excessive spending, FDR reduced relief programs and public-works projects. • Recession occurred; factories closed and unemployment rose. • In response, FDR and Congress increased government spending. • As a result, unemployment declined and production increased.

14. Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era Objectives: • What were the effects of the Dust Bowl? • How did the New Deal agencies use photography to promote their goals? • How effective was the New Deal in ending the Great Depression?

15. Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era Effects of the Dust Bowl • Many farmers lost their land. • Dust Bowl farmers migrated west in search of work harvesting crops. • Migrants to the West Coast faced stiff competition for jobs.

16. Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era Use of photography to promote New Deal goals • New Deal workers hoped that photographs of suffering Americans would arouse support for the New Deal attempts at relief. • Photographs were used in government pamphlets. • Photographs illustrating the work of the government were published in magazines.

17. Section 3: Life in the New Deal Era The New Deal’s effectiveness • not completely effective in ending the Great Depression • provided jobs and improved people’s sense of self-worth • helped modernize the South • broke down class barriers • brought electricity to rural areas • boosted family incomes so children could stay in school

18. Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts Objectives: • How did Federal Project Number One aid writers and artists? • What common themes emerged in the novels, films, and plays of the New Deal Era? • How did music evolve in the 1930s? • What subject matter influenced American painters in the 1930s?

19. Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts Federal Project Number One • The Federal Writers’ Project hired writers to produce a number of works. • The Federal Theater Project hired theater artists to produce plays. • The Federal Music Project hired musicians to present musical productions. • The Federal Arts Project hired artists and designers to paint murals, produce posters, and teach art.

20. Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts Common themes in novels during the New Deal Era • poverty and economic chaos • depression-era experiences of ethnic minorities

21. Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts Common themes in films during the New Deal Era • “escapist” themes • exploration of social issues

22. Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts Common themes in plays during the New Deal Era • labor and class struggles • upper-class greed • traditional American values

23. Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts Evolution of music in the 1930s • use of folk songs and folktales • popularization of country music, gospel music, jazz, and swing

24. Section 4: The New Deal and the Arts Influences on American painters • Jacob Lawrence: African American heroes • Georgia O’Keeffe: the southwestern landscape • the regionalists: rural United States • Grandma Moses: folk art