French Revolution

1. French Revolution Section 1

2. Causes of the Revolution • Inequality in the social order • estates – social classes • Old Order or ancien regime • King on top • 1st estate • 2nd estate • 3rd estate

3. King Louis XVI • Shy and indecisive • Marie-Antoinette • Austrian • Frivolous and self-indulgent

4. First Estate • Roman Catholic Clergy • 1% of population • Owned 10% of land • Divided • Higher were nobility • Lower were poor • Did not have to pay the taille

5. Second Estate • Nobility • <2% • Owned 20-30% of land • Wealthy • Did not have to pay the taille • Held Government and military positions • Grand estates • Peasants worked

6. Third Estate • 97% • 65% of land • Bourgeoisie • Many educated and rich • Merchants • Factory owners • Professionals (lawyers, doctors) • Artisans or sans culottes - workers • Shoemakers • Carpenters, • Bricklayers • Dressmakers • Peasants • Paid rents and fees to first and second estates Bourgeoisie Sans- culottes (artisans) Peasants

7. Causes of the Revolution • Inequality in the social order • Enlightenment ideas • Bourgeoisie educated • American Revolution • Financial Crisis • Debt from war • Tax 2nd Estate to make up for it • Natural forces • Lack of leadership from Louis XVI

8. Meeting of the Estates General • Met due to financial crisis • Had not met since 1614 • Each Estate had one vote • 3rd estate = 97% of population, 600 reps…1 vote • 2nd estate = 2% of population, 300 reps … 1 vote • 1st estate = <1% of population, 300 reps…1vote • The 3rd estate was always outvoted by the other two. • They wanted the votes counted by number of people.

9. The Tennis Court Oath • Locked out of the Estates-General meeting • Moved to a nearby tennis court • Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly • Tennis Court Oath – swore to meet until a new constitution was drafted

10. Storming the Bastille • Rumors circulate through Paris that Louis wants to suppress the National Assembly • Looking to seize weapons and ammo, but none there • Mob attacks and seizes Bastille killing guards on July 14, 1789

14. End of the Old Regime • Rumors and panic spread throughout France that they would be stopped by foreign armies. • Great Fear: attacks by peasants taking place across France upon the nobility

15. The National Assembly Reforms • National Assembly adopts the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen • Modeled on U.S. Declaration of Independence and English Bill of Rights REMEMBER !!!!!!!!!!!! • Ideas borrowed from which Enlightenment thinker? JOHN LOCKE

16. End of the Old Regime The King Concedes • King Louis refused to accept the National Assembly’s decrees. • Women stormed Versailles • They forced him to accept the new decrees

17. End of the Old Regime Church Reforms • The Catholic church had been a pillar for the social and political systems • France needed money, so sold off church lands (10%) • The Church was brought under the control of the state • Civil Constitution of Clergy • Bishops and priests were elected by the people • State would pay the salary • Catholics became enemies of the revolution

18. End of the Old Regime New Constitution • Set up a limited monarchy • King still there • Legislative Assembly makes the laws • “active” citizens could vote (25 or older men who paid taxes) • “passive” citizens had equal rights but no votes • The method for electing deputies meant that only relatively wealthy people could be elected.

19. End of the Old Regime War with Austria • Foreign countries felt threatened • Austria and Prussia threatened to use force against the revolutionaries. • Legislative Assembly decided to declare war first • Because of the French loss, they placed all the blame on the king

20. End of the Old Regime Paris Commune • Demonstrations arose due to losses in war and food shortages. • Radicals declared themselves a commune, and organized an attack • took the king captive and called for an end to the monarchy • Called a National Convention • Sans-culottes – “without breeches” • Entering a more radical phase in the French Revolution

21. New Factions • All members of the National Convention supported the Revolution • 3 political factions • The Mountain • The Girondins • The Plain • Not formal organizations – strong personal rivalries

22. The Terror Grips France • France is divided: Not all people support all the changes of the Revolution • Uprisings occur in southern France • Britain, Spain, & Netherlands join forces against France • Many external and domestic threats to the Revolution

23. New Authority • Committee of Public Safety formed by the National Convention to deal with these threats • Maximilien Robespierre and George Danton • “Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads!” – Robespierre

24. Reign of Terror • Robespierre’s rule in which thousands of people are killed becomes known as the Reign of Terror • 85% killed were middle or lower class • 15% clergy and nobility • former revolutionaries and allies of Robespierre

25. The Reign of Terror • Guillotine- started as a weapon of mercy; became a weapon of fear • anyone and everyone can be denounced as a traitor to the Revolution and beheaded • People start denouncing anyone • Rebellious cities in the countryside were mass executed as an example • Nantes • Lyon

26. Republic of Virtue Robespierre wanted a republic of “good citizens” • “citizen” and “citizeness” replaced formal “miseur” and “madame” • Controlled the economic prices • Reflect Roman Republic style of dress and culture • De-Christianization • “saint” removed from streets and public buildings • Churches destroyed and converted into “temples of reason” • Christian calendar replaced with revolutionary calendar • Cult of the Supreme Being

27. Draft! • The National Convention orders emergency draft of 300,000 French citizens to reinforce army. • By 1794 it is over 1 million strong • Pushed back foreign armies • Conquered the Austrian Netherlands

28. End of the Terror • Another change in government • In July 1794, Robespierre arrested and executed • Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals

30. Directory and Rise of Napoleon Section 2 and 3

31. The Directory • New constitution after the terror ceased. • 2 legislative house • Council of 500 • Council of Elders • electors- qualified voters • Executive, or Directory, made up of a committee of 5 • Chosen by Council of Elders

32. Rise of Napoleon • Italian family (noble but not rich) • Attended military school in France • Studied philosophy as well as military strategy • French Revolution created opportunity

33. Early Military Career • Rose quickly within French Military ranks • Series of battles in Italy • Beat Austrian army • Conquered territory for France • Wanted to take Egypt – British colony • Failed to defeat British navy • Kept defeat out of papers – became a hero

34. Napoleon the Emperor • Lead a coup d’etat against the Directory • Set up a consulate • Three consuls • Napoleon elected First Consul • Eventually made Emperor

35. Changes Under Napoleon Chart 1st Column – Explain what changes Napoleon made (include and define any vocab terms) 2nd Column – Explain how these changed helped or hurt Napoleon’s control over the empire. 3rd Column – What effects did these changes have on France?

36. Peace with the Church • Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church • Gained popularity since most of the French people were Catholic • Support from Rome and gained new allies with those who got to keep church land • French Revolution got rid of the Church, however let those who gained the land keep it

37. Codification of the Laws • Condensed laws from the French Revolution into seven main law codes, the most important being the Civil Code/Napoleonic Code • Did not protect women’s rights, therefore not popular with women • Helped promote stability throughout the empire. Lasted for years to come throughout the world • Reflected many of the ideas of the French Revolution

38. A New Bureaucracy • Created a new aristocracy class. Based on ability, not birth or family. • Allowed more people to work their way up the social system • Created a strong centralized administration, family ruled various parts of the empire. • Brought back some of the old order while still reflecting French Revolution ideas of equality

39. Building the Empire • Attempted to pause the war that began during the French Revolution • As the empire grew, gained more support from the French people but more resentment from the conquered. • More land = more power (maybe a bit too much has trouble keeping control) • Created the stability France sought during the French Revolution

40. Preserver of the Revolution • Kept some of the policies while changing others • Mainly limited freedom of speech though censorship • Promoted equality • Created more following, people were willing to give up some liberties for stability • Giving up some liberties gave Napoleon more power (limiting media control) • Protected some ideas but limited other

41. Two Problems Great Britain’s resistance • Strong naval power • Napoleon attempted the Continental System • Weaken economically • Failed due to other nation’s resistance Nationalism • Nationalism – a unique identity of a people based on a common language, religion, or national symbols • Conquered peoples • United in hatred of invaders • Saw power in their strength of national feelings

42. Disaster in Russia • Russia refused to remain in the Continental System, so Napoleon decides to attack • Marched into Russia, Russian army retreats • Russian army destroys supplies and food along the way. • Finally meet and battle, but Napoleon’s forces weakened • Forced to march back to Poland, encountered harsh winter

43. Exile and Final Defeat • Napoleon faced foreign armies and lost • Paris captured and Napoleon forced into exile on the island of Elba • Monarchy restored in France (Louis XVIII) • Louis XVIII had little support • Napoleon escapes and returned to France • Receives much support from the French people • Austria, Prussia, Russia and G.B. form army against Napoleon • Battle of Waterloo (Napoleon vs Duke of Wellington) • Napoleon defeated and sent into final exile on St. Helena Island.