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French Revolution

French Revolution. The French Revolution. Serious fiscal problems in France War debts, 1780s 50% of tax revenues to war debts 25% of tax revenues to military Leads to revolution more radical than the American Repudiation of many aspects of the ancien régime. #1: Absolute Monarchy.

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French Revolution

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  1. French Revolution

  2. The French Revolution • Serious fiscal problems in France • War debts, 1780s • 50% of tax revenues to war debts • 25% of tax revenues to military • Leads to revolution more radical than the American • Repudiation of many aspects of the ancien régime

  3. #1: Absolute Monarchy Louis XVI By A.F. Callet (1741-1823)

  4. #2: Social Inequality

  5. The Estates General • Three Estates • 1st Estate: Roman Catholic Clergy • 100,000 • 2nd Estate: Nobles • 400,000 • 3rd Estate: Everyone else • 24,000,000 serfs, free peasants, urban residents • Estates General founded 1303, had not met since 1614 • One vote per estate

  6. By Abbe Sieyes, a clergyman who became a revolutionary, 1789 “What is the Third Estate? All. But an ‘all’ that is fettered (chained) and oppressed. What would it be without the privileged order? It would be all; but free and flourishing. Nothing will go well without the Third Estate; everything would go considerably better without the other two.”

  7. #3 Economic Injustices • The cost of maintaining Versailles and expensive wars had the government spending more than it earned. Led to a greater tax burden on the Third Estate. • Bad harvests in 1789 led to widespread starvation. • Inflation.

  8. Versailles Court

  9. Versailles gardens

  10. Marie Antoinette

  11. Marie Antoinette's village amusement at the Château de Versailles

  12. One of the cottages built in Marie Antoinette's private village

  13. #4: The Enlightenment • The Enlightenment thinkers, especially those from France, led many to question France’s absolute monarchy and led to demands for democracy.

  14. #5: English and American Examples • England’s Glorious Revolution • The successful fight for liberty and equality in the American Revolution

  15. 1789 • Protest of nobility forces King Louis to call Estates General for new taxes, May 1789 • 3rd Estate demands greater social change • June, 3rd Estate secedes • Renamed “National Assembly” • July, mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won by mob

  16. Growth of the Power of the Third Estate

  17. By Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel (1735-1813), entitled Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille.”)

  18. Remains of the Bastille today.

  19. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen • August 1789 • American influence • Equality of men • Women not included: Olympe de Gouges (Marie Gouze) unsucessfully attempts to redress this in 1791 • Sovereignty resides in the people • Individual rights

  20. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • Written in 1789 • Uses American D.O.I. as model • States that all men have natural rights • Declares the job of the gov’t to protect the natural rights of the people • Guarantees all male citizens equality • States freedom of religion • Promises to tax based on how much is affordable

  21. The Constitution of 1791 • Set up a limited monarchy and representative assembly • Declared the people had natural rights and that it was the job of the government to protect these rights • It put the Church under state control

  22. Radicalization of Revolution • “liberty, equality, fraternity” • National Assembly abolishes old social order • Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as civilians • New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority • Convention: elected by universal male suffrage • Levée en masse: conscription for war • Guillotine invented to execute domestic enemies • 1793: King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette

  23. Guillotines

  24. Division of the National Convention - 1792 • The first was the Girondins, who feared the rule of Paris over France. • Next was the Jacobins who favored domination of Paris. Georges-Jacques Danton and Maximilien Robespierre were two of the most powerful Jacobins. • The third again, were the moderates who would later choose one of the two sides.

  25. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) • “the Incorruptible,” leader of “Committee of Public Safety” • Leader of Jacobin party • Dominated Convention, 1793-1794 • Churches closed, priests forced to marry • Promoted “Cult of Reason” as secular alternative to Christianity • Calendar reorganized: 10-day weeks, proclaimed Year 1 • Executed 40,000; imprisoned 300,000

  26. Perspective of the counter-revolutionaries:"The Radical's Arms", it depicts the infamous guillotine. "No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!" is written in the republican banner.

  27. The Directory (1795-1799) • Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins • 1794 Robespierre arrested, sent to guillotine • Men of property take power in the form of the Directory • Unable to solve economic and military problems of revolutionary France

  28. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) • From minor Corsican noble family • Army officer under King Louis XIV, general at 24 • Brilliant military strategist • Joins Directory 1799, then overthrew it • Imposed new constitution, named self “Consul for life” in 1802

  29. Napoleon in His Study by Jacques-Louis David (1812) Napoleon as a young officer

  30. Napoleonic France • Concludes agreement with Pope: Concordat • France retains church lands, but pay salaries to clergy • Freedom of religion, also for Protestants, Jews • 1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code • Patriarchal authority • Became model for many civil codes • Tight control on newspapers, use of secret police • Eventually declared himself Emperor

  31. Napoleon on his Imperial throne by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, painted 1806.

  32. Napoleon’s Empire • Conquered Iberian, Italian Peninsulas, Netherlands • Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance • Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 • Burned Moscow, but defeated by Russian weather • “General Winter” • Scorched Earth policy • British, Austrian, Prussian and Russian armies force Napoleon to abdicate, 1814 • Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for 100 days • Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821

  33. Napoleon's Empire in 1812

  34. Louis XVIII

  35. The Battle of Waterloo, by William Sadler

  36. The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • Meeting after defeat of Napoleon • Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria, 1773-1859) supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire • Established balance of power • Worked to suppress development of nationalism among multi-national empires like the Austrian

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