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Amethyst. Halite. Minerals. January 2008. Calcite. Quartz. Mineral. Feldspar. Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid Crystalline solid Unique order of its internal atomic arrangement of its elements Examples Halite – Table salt, NaCl, Cubic crystals Ice – Hexagonal snowflakes make ice.
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Amethyst Halite Minerals January 2008 Calcite Quartz
Mineral Feldspar • Naturally Occurring • Inorganic Solid • Crystalline solid • Unique order of its internal atomic arrangement of its elements • Examples • Halite – Table salt, NaCl, Cubic crystals • Ice – Hexagonal snowflakes make ice
Chemistry of the Earth • Element – Substance composed of atoms having a unique # of protons • Atom – • Smallest unit of which an element can be divided that still retains characteristics of the element • Electronically neutral. • Ions – Atoms whose outer shell not filled completely with electrons Taken From: http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/d/d8/Atom_diagram.png
Building Blocks of Earth • Ions Molecules Minerals Rocks • Na1+ & Cl1- NaCl Halite Crystal Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://volcano.instr.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/img/SiO4.gif http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/zoisite/zoisite.jpg
Most atoms occur in nature as ions + ions are small - ions are large Taken From: http://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1031/Summer1996/images/fig.6.1.gif
Chemical Bonds • Ionic– Bond with ions transferring electrons • Example • NaCl • Covalent– Bond with atoms sharing electrons • Example • Diamond • Metallic – Bond with atoms sharing electrons • Example • Copper • Van der Waals Force - Weak force between molecules • Example • Gives graphite a slippery feel Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/chemistry/Waals.html
Ionic Bond • Formed by electrostatic attractions of ions of opposite charges • NaCl, rock salt, halite Taken From: http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_chlorine/docs/images/sodium_crystal.gif
Rules for Crystal Structures of Ionic Minerals • Pack larger – ions around smaller + ions • Ions packed tightly to save space • Size of ions gives rise to specific packing arrangement • Example • Composition of Earth’s Crust • Silicate Minerals • Minerals distinguished by an abundance of silicon and oxygen atoms • ~4000 minerals known
Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm
Element (charge) O (1-) Si (+) Al (+) Fe (+) Ca (+) Na (+) K (+) Mg (+) Weight (%) 46 27.7 8.1 5.0 3.6 2.8 2.6 2.1 Abundant Elements in the Earth’s Crust
Mineral Properties Hardness- Distinct quality determined by Moh’s hardness scale Color- Minerals can be identified by color Gives indication of composition of mineral Luster- Appearance of light that is reflected from a mineral’s surface Crystal form- Internal arrangement of atoms Cleavage- Tendency of a mineral to break along preferred crystalline planes that are weakly bonded Chemical- Testing Normally HCl used Fizz = carbonate mineral Specific Gravity- How heavy the mineral feels Magnetic- Whether or not it is attracted to a magnet Fe present Identification of Minerals
Moh’s Hardness Scale http://www.naturalsciences.org/funstuff/notebook/geology/Mohs-hardness-scale.jpg http://visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid130/Image/VLObject-3337-050515120556.gif
This image shows some of the most common minerals you'll find in rocks. This pile contains plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz, muscovite mica, biotite mica, amphibole, olivine, and calcite. Can you identify any of them? Click on any mineral for a close up view. Use this link to get to USGS to complete this exersize. Taken From: http://www2.nature.nps.gov/GEOLOGY/usgsnps/rxmin/mineral.html
The Many Colors of Fluorite Color • Yellow • Sulfur Present • Olivine • Absorbs all colors except for green • Safire- Blue Corundrum • Fe and Ti are dissolved into crystal http://geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/color.htm
http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/Geol101/labs/minerals/http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/Geol101/labs/minerals/
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Minerals/images/cleavage.gifhttp://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/Minerals/images/cleavage.gif
Silicates • Basic Building Block and Most Abundant Mineral in Crust • SiO4 (Formal Charge (4-)) • Tetrahedron • Formal charge of corners, 1- Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://wapi.isu.edu/Geo_Pgt/Mod03_PlanetaryEvo/images/SiO4tetr2.GIF
Neutralization of Negative Charge • Linkage: Linkage of SiO4-4 tetra through + ion of Mg • Sharing: SiO4-4tetra together at a common corner • Loss of 1-Oxygen in process of bonding • 3-D Image Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/mrwimages/silstruct.jpg
Structure Gives Properties • Single Chain of SiO3 • Double Chain of Si2O4 = amphibole • Due to structure this structure rips off in sheets • Mica Taken by: http://www.visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid140/Image/VLObject-3541-051230031227.jpg http://courses.missouristate.edu/EMantei/Mineralogy/silicates.html http://www.angelstarcreations.com/rocks_minerals/mineral_list_files/image001.png
Taken From: http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Thomas/lteng/engeimg/enge0253.GIF
To Identify a Mineral Halite • Breakage • Cleavage – Breaking along planes of weakness • Ex. Halite • Cubic Cleavage = 90° Break • Fracture- • Mostly rocks • Streak • Specific Gravity • Color • Hardness • Moh’s Hardness Scale • Chemical Testing • Dilute HCl • Carbonates Fizz Obsidian Taken From: http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite.html http://www.es.ucl.ac.uk/schools/Glossary/obsidian.jpg
Environmentally Important Rock (and soil) Forming Minerals • Silicates • Non-Silicates
Silicates • Quartz • Backbone of Crust • Properties • Pure Silicate Si & O • Light Color • No cleavage • Glass, Waxy • Resistant to Weathering • Occurrence • Igneous • Metamorphic • Sedimentary
Silicates • Feldspar Group • 50% of Crust • Properties • Ca, Na, K, Al silicate • Light Color • 2 Cleavage Directions • Easily Weathered • Sedimentary Weathers Away • Occurrence • I, M Na/Ca Feldspar K Feldspar
Taken from: http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/AskGeoImages/Feldspar.gif
Silicates • Ferromagnesian Group • Properties • Fe, Mg, Ca Silicate • Dark colored • May or may not have cleavage • Easily weathered • Sedimentary will weather away • Occurrence • I, M http://www.cropsoil.uga.edu/soilsandhydrology/Important%20Rocks%20&%20Minerals.htm
Silicates • Clay Mineral Group • Properties: • Hydrous K, Al silicate • Light to intermediate color • Perfect direction of cleavage • Weathering Product** • Note Feldspar Weathers to Clay • Occurrence • S Taken From: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/rocks/common_clay.jpg
Taken From: http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm
Non-Silicates • Hematite • Properties • Fe oxide, Red in Color • No Cleavage • Metallic to Earthy • Weathering Product • Important in Soil • Occurrence • S Taken From: http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoiron.html
Non-Silicates • Limonite • Properties • Hydrous Fe Oxide, Red, Brown • No Cleavage • Weathering product • Occurrence • S Taken From: http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoiron.html
Non-Silicates • Calcite • Properties • CaCO3 • Light Colored • 3 directions of perfect cleavage • Glassy • Easily Weathered • Bubbles in Dilute HCl • Occurrence • S, M http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite/CalciteColorsRhombs.JPG
Non-Silicates • Pyrite • Properties • FeS2 • Brass Yellow • No Cleavage • Metallic • Easily Weathered • Occurrence • S http://www.california-gold-rush-miner.us/gold-minerals.htm
References • http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week2/mineral.htm • http://www.minvision.com/mvpics/0275331001148477692730993.jpg • http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adg/images/minerals/q/amethyst.jpg • http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Slideshow/Serocks/halite5.jpg • http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/d/d8/Atom_diagram.png • http://volcano.instr.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/img/SiO4.gif • http://wapi.isu.edu/Geo_Pgt/Mod03_PlanetaryEvo/images/SiO4tetr2.GIF • http://www.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/zoisite/zoisite.jpg • http://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1031/Summer1996/images/fig.6.1.gif • http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/chemistry/Waals.html • http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_chlorine/docs/images/sodium_crystal.gif • http://www.winona.edu/geology/MRW/mrwimages/silstruct.jpg • http://www.visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid140/Image/VLObject-3541-051230031227.jpg • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://courses.missouristate.edu/EMantei/Mineralogy/siliino1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://courses.missouristate.edu/EMantei/Mineralogy/silicates.html&h=126&w=218&sz=5&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=JMYCNfZErpt_LM:&tbnh=62&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstructure%2Bof%2Bsingle%2Bchain%2Bsilicate%2Bminerals%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den • http://www.angelstarcreations.com/rocks_minerals/mineral_list_files/image001.png • http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Thomas/lteng/engeimg/enge0253.GIF • http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite.html • http://www.es.ucl.ac.uk/schools/Glossary/obsidian.jpg • http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/AskGeoImages/Feldspar.gif • http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Feldspars/FeldsparCleavages.jpg • http://www2.nature.nps.gov/GEOLOGY/usgsnps/rxmin/mineral.html • http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Calcite_Dolomite/CalciteColorsRhombs.JPG • http://www.california-gold-rush-miner.us/gold-minerals.htm • http://www.naturalsciences.org/funstuff/notebook/geology/Mohs-hardness-scale.jpg • http://visionlearning.com/library/modules/mid130/Image/VLObject-3337-050515120556.gif • http://www.ferroalloy.info/ • http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoiron.html • http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/rocks/common_clay.jpg • http://www.cropsoil.uga.edu/soilsandhydrology/Important%20Rocks%20&%20Minerals.htm