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Comparison between various methods of age estimation in skeletal remains

Comparison between various methods of age estimation in skeletal remains. Dr Laurent Martrille Montpellier (France). Age estimation, state of the art, guidlines and new projects. Macerata, october 5-6, 2007. METHODS for AGING. Pubic Symphysis : T.W Todd 1920 Mc Kern and Stewart 1957

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Comparison between various methods of age estimation in skeletal remains

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  1. Comparison between various methods of age estimation in skeletal remains Dr Laurent Martrille Montpellier (France) Age estimation, state of the art, guidlines and new projects. Macerata, october 5-6, 2007

  2. METHODS for AGING • Pubic Symphysis: • T.W Todd 1920 • Mc Kern and Stewart 1957 • Acsadi/Nemeskeri 1970 • Meindl, Lovejoy 1985 • Suchey and Brooks 1986/1990 • Sternal Rib End : • Iscan 1984 • Auricular Surface of the Ilium : • Lovejoy 1985 • Cranial Suture Closure : • Todd and Lyon : 1924 • Meindl and Lovejoy 1985 ( Score) • Dental methods : many methods • Histological methods : many methods Many others methods…

  3. METHODS for AGING Suchey-Brooks 1986/1990 : Pubic Symphysis Iscan 1984 : Sternal Rib End Lovejoy 1985 : Auricular Surface of the Ilium Lamendin 1992 : Dental method Histological methods

  4. Kit identification

  5. Suchey-Brook (pubic sympysis) Tubercule Lower und uper extremity Ventral and dorsal ridge symphysis

  6. Male II Male III Male IV Male I Male VI Male V Suchey-Brooks Method

  7. Suchey-Brook Male FEMALE

  8. ISCANChanges of the sternal end of the 4th rib • Shape of the articular surface • Plate, bellowing, V, U • Deep of the articular surface • Aspects of the wall: • Round, crenelated, irregular • Consistance of the wall: • Thick, thin, sharp, friable

  9. ISCAN

  10. ISCAN

  11. Method of LAMENDIN • One single- Rooted Tooth • No Gender effect • Easy and Conservative • Over 25 years

  12. T P RH Method of LAMENDIN • P = Periodontosis Height • R = Root Height • T = Translucency Height

  13. Method of LAMENDINMean Error Age groups Mean Error (years)

  14. Auricular surface of the ilium • Not easy to use in forensic context • Good in archeological context • - Extreme age :Saunder 1992, Bedford 1993 Lovejoy (1985)

  15. Transverse organisation Apical activity • Billowing • Striae • Irregular - nothing to severe Retroauricular activity • fine granularity • coarse granularity • dense bone • micropor • macropor Porosity Texture

  16. AGE 70 Severe retroauricular activity + PM damage

  17. Histological Methods Cortical Remodeling in Bones : • Kerley 1965 • Singh and Gunberg 1970 • Thomson 1979 • Stout 1992, 1996 • Prieto 1993 (iliac Crest) • Stein, Thomas 1995, 1999 • ChoJFS 2002 • Martrille 2003

  18. Histological method

  19. Histological method Remodeling of cortical bone

  20. Kerley’s Method • use four microscopic fields in the sub-periosteal region • number of complete osteons • number of fragmented osteon • number of non-haversian canals • percentage of lamellar bone

  21. Limitations • Pay attention to respect absolutely the chosen method • Be sure that the size of the fields have the same size than the original method • Big problems with parameter definitions • Time consuming • Experience is needed : factor of biais

  22. L. Martrille, T. Eirinopoulou, P. Fornes, E. Baccino. Interest of automated analysis to determine age of adults at death from thecortex of the femur. IAFS, Montpellier September 2002 • To modify the preparation of specimens using decalcified stained sections • To provide a simple and rapid method of measurements using a computer-assisted image analyser

  23. METHODSSemi-automatic computer-assisted image analyzer • Leica Qwin software program • Computer program calculating : • surface of the lamellar bone • number of osteons • number of fragmented osteons

  24. Lamelar bone Osteons and fragmented osteons

  25. Accuracy : - all subjects : 6.1 +/- 6.2 years - < 70 years old : 4.1 +/- 3.5 years

  26. Are microscopic ageing techniques more accurate than macroscopic ageing techniques? Aiello LC, Molleson T. Journal of Archeological science 1993 • Test histology/pubic bone • Microscopic methods are slightly more acurate • Combining both methods: • Microscopic : separate subjects under 45 years and over 45 years 2) - Under 45 : Todd/Brooks or Mc Kern - After 45 : Acsadi and Nemeskeri

  27. Question • Is it preferable to use a single selected or a combination of methods? • In case of combination, how to combine the methods?

  28. AGING ADULTS : MULTIFACTORIAL APPROACH • Acsadi and Nemeskeri 1970 : • Os Pubic + Cranial Sutures + Resorption Cancellous Bone • Lovejoy et al. 1985 : (test bedford 1993) • Multifactorial aging method : the multifactorial approch improve the accuracy • Saunders et al. 1992 : (P,AS, CS, R) • Test of several methods of skeletal age estimation: the multifactorial approch does not improve the accuracy • Baccino et al. 1997 : • Two Step Strategy : Os Pubis + Lamendin • Baccino et al. 1999 : • Evaluation of seven methods of estimating age : global method offer superior results (rôle of the experince+++), then TSS

  29. Dudar 1993 combine morphological and histological rib analysis is better • Schmitt 2004 (auricular surface/pubic symphysis) • Combinig indicators do not give better results than the auricular surface use as a single indicator

  30. These studies use different • Sample • Method • Statistical procedure • Comparisons are difficult to evaluate

  31. A Test of Four Macroscopic Methods for Age Estimation of Human Skeletal Remains* • Lovejoy method ( Lovejoy, AJPA, 1985): auricular surface • Iscan method( Iscan, JFS, 1984-1985-1986 ): ribs • Lamendin method( Lamendin, JFS, 1992 ): teeth • Suchey-Brooks method(Katz, Suchey, AJPA, 1986) : pubic bone *L. Martrille, DH. Ubelaker, F. Seguret, E. Baccino. A Test of Four Macroscopic Methods for Age Estimation of Human Skeletal Remains (Lamendin, Lovejoy Auricular surface, Iscan, Suchey-Brooks). AAFS 57th meeting New Orleans, February 2005

  32. METHODS (1) • Sample : • 210 individuals • balanced number of males and females, and black and white subjects • Balanced age groups • Terry Collection(Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History) • Age : 53 +/- 14 (25 to 90 years)

  33. METHODS (2) • One observer • Selection of skeletons (all indicators available) • Each of the indicators was applied with complete independence from all others

  34. METHODS (3)Statistical study • Inaccuracy : Σ |estimated age – real age| /n absolute mean error (years) +/- sd • Bias : Σ [estimated age – real age] /n mean error (years) +/- sd Indicate over or under prediction • Principal Component Analysis (PCA): combination of the different methods (take into account the weight of each parameter)

  35. METHODS (4)Statistical study • Age groups • 25-40 years • 41-60 years • > 60 years • Lamendin: age estimated • SB and IC: mean age of the phase in the original article • AS: mid point of each age range, last phase (> 60), we use 65 years (underestimation)

  36. Inaccuracy by methods Because of the non gaussien distribution of the data , it is better to consider the Median [P5-P95]

  37. Spearman Correlation Coefficient (r) by methods

  38. Bias by decade - All methods overestimate before 40, underestimate after 50 - Underestimation is more pronouced for white

  39. Median [P5-P95] values of inaccuracy in the combined White and Black and male and female samples

  40. Innacuracy by decade Same variations by sex and ancestry

  41. PCA give better accuracy for only one group: 40-60-years-old Blacks • No significant (in forensic field) differences between Blacks end Whites, or male and female • AS: more accurate than SB and IC in the 41-60 age group

  42. Two Step Strategy (or Procedure) 1st Step Os pubic (Suchey) PHASE I II III PHASE IV V VI 2nd Step Suchey LAMENDIN BACCINO E, ZERILLI A. The two step strategy (TSS) or the right way to combine a dental (Lamendin) and a anthropological (Suchey brooks system) method for age estimation (Abstract). Proceeding of American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 1997

  43. Tow step procedure (1)(sexe determination with pubic bone) If Suchey-Brook I II III : Use this method NB = no translucency of the root Phase II (19-34 years), real age 23 year

  44. Tow step procedure (2)(sexe determination with pubic bone) If Suchey-Brook > III : use LAMENDIN LR T P Periodontosis (P) = 2,7 mm Translucency (T) = 9,5 mm Root Height(LR) = 14,75 mm. {[((2,7/14,75)x0,18) + ((9,5/14,75)x0,42)]x100} + 25,53 = 55,9 +/- 3,3 ans Phase V (27-66 years ) real age 55 years

  45. Test of TSS • Prodhan R, Ubelaker DH, Prince DA. Evaluation of three methods of age estimation from human skeletal remains (Suchey-Brooks, Lamendin, and two-step strategy) 58th AAFS annual meeting February 20–25 ,2006; Seattle, WA.

  46. RIBS (ISCAN) PHASE 6-7-8 PHASE 0-5 ISCAN LAMENDIN MARTRILLE L and al. Strategy in age determination combining a dental method (Lamendin) and an anthropological method (Iscan) : preliminary results Proceeding of American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 2003

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