Reproduction

1. As we grow up we all change from a baby, to a child, to a teenager, to middle aged, to elderly. As we grow we do not simply get bigger we also grow emotionally and physically. And eventually most of us will have a family of our own too. Reproduction

2. Why do people choose to have a family? People would think I was weird if we didn’t have a baby We love each other I want to take my son to football It will solve our relationship problems. Children will bring money into the household Babies are cute and cuddly! We just love children! Good reasons Bad reasons

3. How are babies made? To make a baby the male and female sex cells must join together; a sperm from a man and an egg from a woman. A sperm is made in the testes and an egg is made in an ovary. When they meet this is called fertilisation, in humans this occurs inside the woman's body. Male sex cell- Sperm Female sex cell- Egg

4. It only takes one sperm to fertilise the female egg; this is why sperm have tales, it’s a swimming race to reach the egg first! When people ‘Make love’ or ‘have sex’ the sperm is transferred from the males body into the females; From the penis into the vagina and through the woman's reproductive organs until the sperm reaches the egg.

5. Reproductive organs- MALE Sperm is made inside the testes, mixed with a fluid which comes from the glands. This makes semen which is ejaculated during sex into the woman's vagina.

6. Reproductive organs- FEMALE Semen is ejaculated into the vagina during sex. The sperm then make their way through the uterus, towards the fallopian tubes in search of an egg.

7. Reproductive organs- Cross sections

8. Reproductive organs- Front View Male Sperm duct Kidney Urethra Bladder Testis Scrotum Penis

9. Job of the male reproductive organs- Testis- Sperm are made here. Scrotum- Holds the testis outside the body to keep them at correct temperature. Sperm duct- Carries sperm from testis to penis Penis- Carries sperm out of the body

10. Reproductive organs- Front View Female Fallopian tube Kidney Ovary Urethra Uterus Bladder Cervix Vagina

11. Job of the female reproductive organs- Ovary- Eggs are made here each month (ONE egg only a month) Fallopian tube- Carries the egg from ovary to uterus. Fertilisation must take place here. Uterus- Baby grows here. Cervix- Entry to uterus. Vagina- Receives sperm from penis.

12. During fertilisation… When people are attracted to each other they feel excited, butterflies in the stomach and happy. When your body reaches adolescence this excitement may lead to new experiences within your body.

13. For a male; His penis may become stiff, this is called an erection. A male will get an erection when blood flows rapidly into the penis. This now allows the penis to be inserted easily into the females vagina and moved back and forth easily. Only about a teaspoon of semen is released but it can contain 500 million sperm! For a female; Her vagina will become moist and will widen to allow the penis to enter easily with little friction.

14. Path of a sperm cell 3. Sperm travels to fallopian tube and if egg present will fertilise it. 2.Sperm travels past the cervix and into the uterus. 1. Penis is inserted into the vagina and semen released.

15. After fertilisation… If an egg is fertilised inside the fallopian tubes it will pass from the tube and imbed into the lining of the womb, ready for a baby to grow. If no egg is fertilised the sperm will die and the woman will not become pregnant. The egg and lining of the womb is passed out through the vagina (a period) and the cycle starts again.

16. A baby begins… Once the fertilised egg is in the womb the male sex cell and the female sex cell fuse and begin to multiply. The cells develop into all the parts of a human such as eyes, lips. Limbs etc. The nucleus’ from the sperm and egg join. The cells start to divide and multiply: a baby has begun.

17. During pregnancy In the first month: The cells multiply and move from the fallopian tube into the uterus. Here the cells imbed into the lining of the uterus; now called the womb. In the second month: The cells are now called an embryo; it is the size of a grain of rice. It’s brain and spinal cord develop followed by head, eyes and ears. It’s heart beats and it has stumps for limbs. At the end of the 8 weeks the embryo is 2cm long and has fingers and toes.

18. 4 Week Old Embryo 7 Week Old Embryo

19. In the third month: The embryo is now called a fetus, it already has fingerprints and is entering a period of rapid growth. The placenta starts to operate and the fetus develops all its organs. It is now 6cm long. In the fourth month: The fetus now develops into a boy or a girl. Finger nails grow and fetus is about 11cm long. The mother may feel the baby move.

20. 12 Week Old Embryo 16 Week Old Embryo

21. In the fifth month: Skeleton develops, scalp hair grows, fetus may ‘jump’ inside the womb as it now reacts to loud noises it can hear outside. In the sixth month: The period of growth now slows but the fetus develops its senses, immune system and eyes. Fetus is now 30cm long.

22. 19 Week Old Embryo 24 Week Old Embryo

23. In the seventh month: Eyes now open, brain develops quickly and lungs are fully developed. Fetus is now 38cm long. In the eighth month: Fat accumulates under the skin, fetus will stop moving as much as there is very little room! In the ninth month: Fetus moves to a head down position, ready to be born! It is now called a baby!

24. 38 Week Old Embryo Newborn Baby

25. The placenta During pregnancy an organ called a placenta forms linking the baby to the mothers uterus via a cord. The placenta acts like a filter allowing nutrients, minerals and oxygen in but keeps infection and most harmful substance out. The two blood supplies run right beside each other but they never mix! The placenta Umbilical Cord

26. The amnion The baby is enclosed inside the womb in a sac called the amnion. It is filled with a watery liquid called the amniotic fluid. The fluid acts like a cushion to absorb shocks and loud noises from the outside world. This sac ruptures when the female is about to start giving birth, we call this the ‘waters breaking’.

27. Needs At every age we have different needs to keep us alive and happy. As we grow these needs change. Look at your cards in groups and discuss the needs each person has. When we get older we take responsibility for our lives and the way we live. However, at every age we need food, water and love!

28. Birth After 9 months has passed the fetus is ready to be born. It will move to a head down position, the Amnionic sac will rupture and the cervix will widen or dilate. The woman will get contractions, where the muscles in her body try to push the fetus out. The fetus will be pushed out of the vagina head first. This is made easier as the babies head is soft and the bones haven’t fused fully.

30. Twins There are two types of twins in the world: Identical: Identical twins form from a single fertilised egg. After fertilisation, this splits into two and an embryo forms from each of the two cells formed. Every thing about the babies is therefore identical – they have the same genes; they are like two clones of the same person. They share the placenta.

32. Non identical: Twins that are non-identical are produced from two separate eggs that are fertilised by two separate sperm. For this reason they have different genes and so look different and can be different genders. Both eggs implant and grow in the uterus at the same time, they have a placenta each.

33. Two eggs are fertilised with two separate sperm Eggs develop normally into two babies

34. Adolescence / Puberty This is a time of change when boys and girls bodies and minds start to grow and mature into adults. Puberty is the first stage of adolescence, most changes in our bodies occur at this age. Not everyone starts puberty at the same time, girls usually start before boys. Hormones in our bodies are responsible for all our changes. Hormones are chemicals in our blood; female sex hormones are made in the ovaries and male sex hormones are made in the testes.

35. Changes. Girls Boys Get taller Get taller Voice breaks Develop hips Testes and penis get bigger Breasts grow Start periods Testes produce sperm Shoulders get wider Acne Body hair grows Body hair grows Acne Ovaries release eggs

36. Women: Men:

37. Silent Task: Create a timeline of your development so far and into the future. Include your best memories of each stage and your hopes for each stage in the future. (Use page landscape). Baby: I don’t remember anything! Age 0-1 Age 1-5 Age 5-12 Age 50+ Age 13-18 Age 18-30 Age 30-50 Toddler: I remember getting a new slide at my house!

38. Puberty Problems: Sweat More sweat, and smellier sweat, are a normal part of puberty. It happens to all children as they get older- boys and girls. The hormones are affecting your sweat glands, and your sweat glands are making chemicals that sometimes make you smell. There are lots of sweat glands under your arms, so your armpits might be one place you’re a bit stinky. What can you do to help?

39. Puberty Problems: Love & Hate Puberty can be a time of changing emotions and new kinds of thoughts. You might feel like you’re on a roller coaster of moods and emotions and just want to get off! You will experience mood swings; you’ll be feeling fine, then something small will make you angry. This causes arguments at home, particularly with parents.

40. You’ve felt emotions before, but now you feel really STRONG emotions. Instead of just disliking something, you HATE it. Instead of liking something, you LOVE it. If you start going out with someone you may feel that you are so in love and if it ends you will feel like your life is over! These feelings will calm down. Silent Q: How should you cope with puberty?

41. Who can help? Mum or dad Older brother or sister Teacher Nurse

42. The menstrual cycle. When puberty starts girls begin their menstrual cycle (or periods). This is totally normal and is a sign that your body is maturing and changing from a child to an adolescent.

43. A full cycle takes approx. 28 days and the cycle stops when a lady is pregnant. At the beginning of adolescence your period maybe irregular and stop for long periods, this does not mean you are pregnant. • The start of the cycle, day 1, is when bleeding from the vagina begins. This is caused by the loss of the lining of the uterus. This is called menstruation or having a period.

44. At about day 14, the mature egg cell is released from the ovary. This is called ovulation. The egg cell travels through the egg tube towards the uterus. • By the end of about day 5, the loss of blood stops. The lining of the uterus begins to re-grow and an egg cell starts to mature in one of the ovaries ready for release.

45. Menstruation

46. The lining of the womb Day 28 If no egg fertilised lining will shed again. Day 1-5 lining is shed Day 14 Ovulation