Rationale for I ntegrated C oastal A rea M anagement in the Mediterranean

1. Rationale for Integrated Coastal Area Management in the Mediterranean Marko PREM Deputy Director United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) Priority Actions Programme / Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC) Split, CROATIA http://www.pap-thecoastcentre.org

2. Structure of the lecture Mediterranean Context Main Problems Legal Framework ICAM Projects

3. Mediterranean context • meeting point of Europe, Asia and Africa, cradle of human civilisation • 21 Mediterranean coastal states • coastline length: 45 000 km, islands coastline: 19 000 km • Major rivers: Ebro, Rhone, Po, Nile • 8 million km2 • more than 400 million inhabitants in 2000, 7% of the world population

4. Mediterranean Context • Agricultural resources limited • Diversity of landscapes

5. Mediterranean Context • 65% of coastline urbanised • Specific marine and coastal environment • Fragile ecosystems, rich biodiversity, rare and endemic species

6. Mediterranean Context • 400 UNESCO sites • 200-250 large oil tankers permanently in navigation • 33% of the world international tourism (200 million visitors)

7. Main Problems Tourism • World's prime tourist region (170 million arrivals in the mid-1990s) • Concentration on the coast • Heavily seasonal and dominant in the northwest • Increase more rapid in other sub-regions • Key element in coastal urbanisation • Occupation of land • Water consumption • Pollution and waste • Habitat and landscape loss

8. Main Problems Urbanisation • resources, habitats threatened by high rate of urban growth • high concentrations of population • spatial polarisation: urban vs rural • large environmental impacts: waste, pollution, coastal degradation • water: lack of safe drinking water, (population size, living standard, climate, demand from industry) • pollution: water, air, noise, soil • deterioration of landscape, loss of identities • increased risk of natural hazards

9. Main Problems Water consumption • increasing, reaching maximum rates in S and E countries • population growth - suffering from water scarcity • high demands for irrigation • tourist sector (heavy demand coinciding with peaks in irrigation)

10. Main Problems Annual amounts (m3/year) of waste water discharged into the sea from coastal cities

11. Main Problems Degree of sewage treatment in coastal cities

12. Main Problems The problem areas More than 100 “hot spot” areas, out of which 65% are in urban agglomerations

13. Main Problems Biodiversity losses • reduction of forests and habitats, especially wetlands • endangered species • introduction of exotic species Soil erosion • serious threat particularly in agricultural areas Coastal erosion • causing damage to many beaches in the region

14. Main Problems Natural environment and cultural heritage • Climate change • Sea level rise • Loss of cultural diversity • Loss of cultural landscapes

15. The urban context Trends in Mediterranean urbanisation • 1950: 1,923 agglomerations with more than 10,000 inhabitants • 1995: 3,962 such agglomerations • 65% of the coast is urbanised • 554 million inhabitants in 2025, increasing 4 million on the northern coasts and 148 million on the southern and eastern coasts • ...urban population growth in the North is stabilising, while... • …urbanisation and growth rates in the South and in the East are strongly increasing

16. The urban context Population density in coastal regions

17. The urban context Increase in the population

18. The urban context Seasonal variation of population

19. The urban context Possible Mediterranean urban future • increase of population: minimal in the North; much more so in the South and East and... • ...majority of that population will reside in cities • urbanisation will become the major issue in the region • effects on coastal areas will significantly aggravate compared to the present situation

20. COASTAL ISSUES • desire to get as close to the coastline as possible • incompatibility of various land uses • removal of the right to free access to the coast • short-term economic benefits vs long-term conservation of resources • inadequate provision of “ecological” services

21. Legal Framework • Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) established as part of UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme, 1975 • Barcelona Convention, adopted in 1976, entered into force in 1978, • Genoa Declaration, emphasis on integrated protection of marine environment, 1985 • Coastal Area Management Programme, 1989 • Tunis Declaration on Sustainable Development in the Mediterranean and the MED Agenda 21, 1994 • Barcelona Convention revised and MAP Phase II adopted, 1995 • Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable Development (MCSD) established, 1996

22. Legal Framework • Mediterranean Action Plan - MAP (Barcelona 1976) • UNEP Regional Seas Programme • Assess and control marine pollution • Formulate national environmental policies

23. Legal Framework First decade of MAP (1975-1985) • monitoring of the sea • pollution prevention • interventions aimed at improving the state of the natural system

24. Legal Framework Second decade of MAP (1985-1995) • Genoa Declaration (1985) - framework for more proactive role • refocusing on the integrated coastal planning and management • geographical scope extended to coastal areas • CAMPs

25. Legal Framework Protocols of the Barcelona Convention • Dumping Protocol 1976, amended in 1995 • Emergency Protocol, new one in 2002 • LBS Protocol 1980, amended in 1996 • Protocol on Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity, 1995 • Protocol on Pollution Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf,the Seabed and its Subsoil, 1994 • Transboundary Protocol, 1996

26. Legal Framework Protocol on ICAM • Often on the agenda at various levels MAP • Not yet adopted • Feasibility study for ICAM Protocol CP 12th Ordinary Meeting, Monaco 2001 recommended to prepared the feasibility study • Analysis of national legislation in 2000 • Council of Europe: Model Law • EU: Strategy for Coastal Zones

27. ICAM Projects • Coastal Area Management Programme (CAMP); MAP contribution to ICAM • Practical coastal management projects

28. ICAM Projects • Non-commercial projects • Promoting sustainable development and ICAM • Co-operating with, assisting countries: • to solve priority CM related problems • to introduce ICAM and tools • Implementation: national teams and international experts • Procedure framework established

29. Implemented CAMPs • Four PAP pilot projects, 1987-89 • CAMP Island of Rhodes - Greece (1988-1989, 1990-1996) • CAMP Syrian Coastal Area (1989-1992) • CAMP Izmir Bay - Turkey (1989-1993) • CAMP Kastela Bay - Croatia (1989-1993)

30. Implemented CAMPs • CAMP Albanian Coastal Area (1993-1995) • CAMP Fuka-Matrouh - Egypt (1994-1998) • CAMP Sfax - Tunisia (1995-1998)

31. Implemented CAMPs • CAMP IsraeliCoastal Area (1997-1999) • CAMP Island of Malta (2000-2002)

32. CAMPs On-going or in preparation • CAMP Lebanon • CAMP Algeria • CAMP Cyprus • CAMP Slovenia • CAMP Morocco

33. Conclusion - Prerequisites for successful ICAM • legal framework; implementation • co-ordination; vertical, horizontal • integration; across sectors, land-sea issues • balanced bottom-up and top-down; global vs local • multidisciplinarity; comprehensive, scientific information • methodologies, tools, techniques (EIA, SEA, planning,…) • data management and GIS • public participation; stakeholders • individual and institutional capacity; training • awareness building