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American Occupation

American Occupation. Group 5. Spanish American War Causes. America had disagreements with the implementation of rules of Spain in Cuba Yellow journalism accused Spain of numerous misdeeds USS Maine ship exploded and killed 266 U.S. Soldiers in February 1898

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American Occupation

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  1. American Occupation Group 5

  2. Spanish American War Causes • America had disagreements with the implementation of rules of Spain in Cuba • Yellow journalism accused Spain of numerous misdeeds • USS Maine ship exploded and killed 266 U.S. Soldiers in February 1898 • The Spanish forces were held responsible for this • War spread out to the different Spanish colonies • One of them is the Philippines

  3. Battle of Manila Bay • Happened on May 1, 1891 • A battle between Spanish and American fleets • American forces were led by Commodore George Dewey • Spanish fleets were headed by Admiral Patricio Montojo • Americans won

  4. Mock Battle of Manila • Took place on August 13, 1898 • Was considered “mock” because it was agreed on and pre-planned - Spain had plans to surrender to the Americans to avoid disgrace • Paved way for the Treaty of Paris

  5. Treaty of Paris • A peace agreement between Spain and America • The former would give the latter control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines for $20M. • Signed on December 10, 1898 in Paris, France • Followed by the Philippine-American War

  6. Philippine-American War • Started when a Filipino was shot at the Pinaglabanan Bridge by an American. • The Philippine side of the war was led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo • Battle of Tirad Pass • Led by Gen. Gregorio del Pilar • 60 Filipinos battled to defend Tirad Pass in order to stop Americans from pursuing Aguinaldo • Filipinos were outnumbered but Aguinaldo had time to escape • Emilio Aguinaldo was finally captured in 1901and American soldiers took over

  7. Generals in the Fil-Am War Antonio Luna Manuel Tinio Licerio Geronimo Vicente Lukban MacarioSakay Miguel Malvar

  8. Military Government • Lasted from 1898 to 1901 • Military Governors were: • Gen. Wesley Merritt • Gen. Elwell Otis • Gen. Arthur McArthur • American military had executive power and was in charge of the Philippines ACCOMPLISHMENTS • a school system where the teachers were American soldiers • Peace in some areas of the country • Civil courtssuch as the Supreme Court

  9. Civil Government • Established on July 4, 1901 • Gave Filipinos the opportunity to participate in government affairs • First civil Governor was William Taft, last was Frank Murphy • Executive power of the military was transfered to the Governor in charge

  10. THE CAMPAIGN FOR INDEPENDENCE

  11. Cooper Act • Also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 • States the creation of the Philippine assembly whose members are elected by the people. • Would be granted once the Philippines becomes peaceful • Philippine Assembly was finally created on October 16, 1907 • Manuel Quezon was the leader while Sergio Osmeña as the Speaker of the Assembly

  12. Cooper Act • Granted the Filipinos rights except when on court trial • Allowed Filipinos to represent their country in Washington as resident commissioners

  13. Jones Law • Approved on August 19, 1916 • Promises independence to Filipinos when government is stable • Legislative power goes to the upper and lower houses of Philippine Legislature • Executive power goes to the American governor general • Judicial power goes to the Supreme and lower courts • Bill of Rights was included • Freedom of speech and press, religion, to form assembly and to seek happiness

  14. Missions by Filipinos • Declaration of Purposes • Declared the longing of the Filipinos to be free • Independence Commission • Was made to discuss procedures to gain independence • 12 missions were sent to the U.S. • OSROX • An independence mission made by Osmeña and Roxas • Led to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

  15. America’s Response HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT • States that Philippines will be given Independence after a 10-year period under Commonwealth • Some Filipinos were for it while some weren’t • Among those who disagreed is Manuel Quezon • Rejected by the legislature TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT • Since the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was not approved, Tydings-McDuffie Act was made • Quezon met with President Roosevelt of the U.S. to discuss a better law similar to the H-H-C Act • Created the Commonwealth Government

  16. Commonwealth Government • Inaugurated on November 15, 1935 • Under the 1935 Constitution • A ten-year preparatory period for independence • Philippines was still under America, but being assisted in organizing the country • Foci of government programs • National Defense, Social justice, national language and morality • Offices such as Departments of Justice, Labor, etc. were created • Leaders were elected by Filipinos • Leaders were: • Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) • Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) • Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946-July 4, 1946)

  17. CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE

  18. Education • Schools were co-educational and public • First teachers were American soldiers • Topics included the English language, civics, history, health and arts. • Education was based on the American point of view to control Filipinos and gain their support • 600 teachers arrived on August 23,1901and were called Thomasites • Public schools include the elementary, secondary, college, etc. • Filipinos also had the opportunity to teach • The Philippine Normal University was created in 1902 in Manila to teach Filipinos teaching methods

  19. Religion • Relationship between the Church and state was destroyed • Americans brought in Protestantism • However, Catholicism was still the primary religion • Protestant missionaries were sent to the different places in the Philippines • They helped in charity works and teaching, and built schools, churches, hospitals and more infrastructure

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