Historical Review on the Plasma Based Particle Accelerators Congratulation for opening “Plasma and Space Science Center

1. Historical Review on the Plasma Based Particle AcceleratorsCongratulation for opening “Plasma and Space Science Center” Yasushi NishidaLunghwa University of Science and Technology, TaiwanUtsunomiya University, Japan

2. １．Introduction ２．Principle of Plasma Based High Energy Particle Accelerators ３．Brief History Depending on Experimental Results and Future Tasks 4． Summary and Future Laser Requirements with many thanks for materials from Dr. Koyama AIST Prof. Uesaka the University of Tokyo Prof. Kitagawa GPI Dr. Kando JAEA Dr. Nemoto CRIEPI

3. 1. Introduction

4. July, 2008 Electron synchrotron TRISTAN Electron linac Electron synchrotron Synchrocyclotron Electron linac Cyclotron Electrostatic accelerator Rectifier type accelerator History of High Energy Accelerators BEAM ENERGY (eV) YEAR

5. 50-100

6. 1012 1011 Plasma Limit Laser Acceleration 1010 Surface Heating Limit Acceleration Field (V/m) 109 Breakdown Limit Microwave Limit 108 SLAC 107 106 1 cm 10 cm 100 1 mm 1 10 0.1 Wave length

7. 2. Principle of Plasma Based High Energy Particle Accelerators

8. Mechanism of Plasma Based Accelerator 1. 1983 VpxB Acceleration mechanism was found by Nishida et al. 2. 1988 Plasma Wake Field method was proved by Rosenzweig et al. (ANL), (’90 KEK & Utsunomiya) 3. 1992 Beat wave method was proved by Kitagawa et al. (’93 RAL & UCLA)

9. 4. 1993 Laser wakefield was proved by Nakajima, Ogata, Nishida, et al.. (1) Laser Wakefield (Dorchies et al. 1999) 5. Capillary method by B. Cross et al.,1999

10. 3. Brief History Depending on Experimental Results and Future Tasks

11. Brief history (1) • Concept on plasma-laser based high energy particle accelerator was proposed by Tajima & Dawson in 1979. • The key idea was to excite large amplitude electron plasma waves by using short pulse laser (LWA) in high density plasma. • However, there was no such a laser in that era, and beat wave could excite the plasma waves. • In 1983 Nishida et al. succeeded to find new acceleration mechanism, later called VpxB acceleration. This was the first and new mechanismobserved of high energy acceleration phenomena.

12. Brief history (2) 5. In 1986, P.Chen et al proposed to use electron bunch to excite the plasma wave (PWA) and this idea was confirmed by Rosenzweig et al.(1988).In 1990, Nakanishi, Ogata, Nishida et al. observed 2-order of magnitude larger energy. 6. In 1992, Kitagawa et al. succeeded in electron acceleration by using BWA (Beat wave Wake field Accel.) method. 7. In 1995, Nakajima et al. succeeded to accelerate electrons up to 100 MeV by using LWA (Laser Wake field Accel.) method. 8. In 1988, Mine, Mourou et al. invented CPA (Chirped Pulse Amplification) method for short pulse laser amplification and was put in practical use around 1995.

14. J.R. Rosenzweig et al., PRL (1988)

18. Electron Energy Spectrum including quasi-monoenergetic beam AIST K.Koyama (AIST, Japan) Monoenergetic beam was met in narrow divergence angle.

19. Monoenergetic Electron Spectrum Observed in LWA Results (C.Murphy, IC/RAL) LOA (France) : Charge in [150-190] MeV, 500 ± 200 pC.

20. 60mm Stable electron beam generation with external static magnetic field B = 0 B = 0.2 T Experimental Setup 9 sequential shot images of the electron beam Electron beam profile An excellent stability of the electron parameters has been demonstrated. The total charge of the accelerated electrons Sep.18, 2007 ; the University of Tokyo

21. Accelerator is realized !Monochromatic energy bunch are excited by using Lasers.

23. SLAC & UCLA LOA

24. Laser guiding

27. A Glass capillary Laser guide 10 mm 0 m m 1 10 100 Ultra-Intense Laser is illuminated into a glass capillary, which accelerates plasma electrons to 100 MeV Y.Kitagawa-Osaka 14 10 13 10 10 mm long 12 10 11 1.2 mm Electrons /MeV/str 10 Bump 10 10 Detection limit 9 10 8 10 PRL Vol.92, No.20 (2004) Energy [MeV]

28. U.Tokyo, AIST, GPI, CRIEPI Acceleration scheme, Scaling law (wakefield, beatwave) Laser guide (capillary, plasma channel) KEK, ILE-Osaka Bunch diagnostics (bunch length, charge, energy spectrum) Electron injection (standing-wave, sharp density gradient) JAEA, U.Tokyo, AIST U.Tokyo, AIST Subjects for Developing the Laser Driven Electron Accelerator Application of the laser-plasma accelerator (pump and probe) Laser system for the laser-plasma accelerator (stability, rep-rate, cost) K.Koyama, AIST The UK-Japan High Energy Density Science Workshop, Tokyo, 18-19, Sep. 2007

29. SLAC, UCLA, USC

30. 4. Summary and Future Laser Requirements • Accelerator concepts are reviewed. • Laser particle acceleration has been demonstrated. ・Energy gains at 1 MeV to 200 MeV ・E-field of 1 GeV/m to 1000 GeV/m ・GeV energy is expected, although it is realized in PWA • Quasi-monoenergetic electron accelerations have been achieved in wide parameter range of self-injection wakefield accelerator. • Good pointing stability of electron bunch has been accomplished by applying axial magnetic field. • For further higher energy accelerators, the requirements are extreme: ・Luminosity : 1000 bunches/s with 1 nC/bunch ・For 1 GeV source 1 PW to 30 PW with kHz range ・At higher energy, say, 1 TeV source, one need 1 MJ/s or more!! • By using PWA, it can reach 1 TeV particles at present, but you need large linear accelerator for accelerating the driver electron bunches.