Introduction to Psychology Suzy Scherf Lecture 9: How Do We Know? Memory

1. Introduction to Psychology Suzy Scherf Lecture 9: How Do We Know? Memory

2. Memory - What’s it for? Why don’t we remember everything about all our past experiences? 1. 2.

3. Memory - What’s it for? Why don’t we remember everything about all our past experiences? 3. 4.

4. Memory - What’s it for? For our memory systems to function efficiently we have to forget much of our experience or ignore it all together (ie. never encode it).

5. Change Blindness - What’s Important for Us to Remember?

6. How is the Mind Organized to Think? Cognitive Processes • Learning • Reading • Problem Solving • Cognitive Heuristics • Mathematics • Memory • Language • Categorization • Recognition • Object knowledge • Thinking about Minds

7. Information Processing: Bottom-Up Influences

8. Bottom-Up Influences Example

9. What’s the Mind Designed to Do? • Too general a problem -

10. Information Processing: Top-Down Influences

11. Top-Down Influences Example

12. Top-Down Influences Example

13. Top-Down Influences Example

14. Top-Down Influences Example: Change Blindness • If cognition were only influenced by bottom-up processes, - • How much of the physical stimulus do we actually encode and remember? • What kind of information is important for us to hold on to for future reference?

15. Change Blindness - What’s Important for Us to Remember?

16. The Organization of Cognition • Cognitive Modules designed by Evolution = • Triggered and influenced by environmental input =

17. Facts about Memory • “Our memory is our coherence, our reason, our feeling, even our action.” - Luis Bunuel

18. Facts about Memory

19. Memory Modules

20. Short-Term/Working Memory (15-30 sec) No Rehearsal

21. Long-Term Memory (years)

22. Long-Term Memory (years)

23. ch _ _ mu _ _ _ og _ y _ _ _ _ v _ c _ do o _ t _ _ us Implicit Memory • Being influenced by a memory - • Priming:

24. Implicit Memory • Being influenced by a memory of a prior experience without having conscious memory of the experience. • Procedural:

25. Explicit Memory

26. Explicit Memory • Episodic:

27. Explicit Memory • Memory for facts and events that is available to conscious recall • Semantic:

28. Implicit vs. Explicit Memories

29. Memory Performance • Practice effect -

30. Memory Performance • Retention effect -

31. Retention Effect

32. Memory as a Designed Cognitive Module

33. Modularity within the Memory Module • Memory for food vs. memory for water • Memory on a short-term basis vs. memory on a long-term basis • Memory for how to do things vs. memory for facts and events

34. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Working Memory Deficits - • Lesions to - • ADHD? D’Esposito, et al. 2000

35. Mammillary bodies - Fornix - Hippocampus Fornix Mammillary bodies Hippocampus Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain

36. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Antegrade Amnesia -

37. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Korsakof’s - can’t form new memories • Oliver Sack’s patient Mr. Thompson

38. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain

39. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Retrograde Amnesia - • Usually impairment in __________ memory • A different pathology effects _________ memory

40. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Alzheimer’s Disease - Semantic Dementia -

41. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Impairments in implicit memory: • Involves damage to the ___________

42. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Impairments in implicit memory: Striatum = ________ + _________

43. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Parkinson’s Disease - Huntington’s Disease -

44. Memory Modularity Even though there are separate memory modules designed to solve problems that reflect real-world occurrences of events.. Memory Modules also interact: