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CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR

CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR. Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War. Occupation Rule. Germany and Japan practically destroyed Potsdam Conference – July-August 1945 Truman’s first meeting with Stalin and Churchill What was decided? Joint occupation of Germany by US, GB, France and USSR.

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CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR

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  1. CHAPTER 28 THE COLD WAR Section 1 Healing the Wounds of War

  2. Occupation Rule • Germany and Japan practically destroyed • Potsdam Conference – July-August 1945 • Truman’s first meeting with Stalin and Churchill • What was decided? Joint occupation of Germany by US, GB, France and USSR

  3. Occupation Rule • Soviets get poorer, more rural eastern part • Allies get to split industrialized western part • Also divided Austria and city of Berlin into 4 zones • Stabilizing Germany – Agreed to crush Nazi party, re-establish local government and rebuild local industries • Source of tension – Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe

  4. Occupation Rule • Japanese Occupation (1945-1952) • MacArthur’s in charge – demobilized several million troops and adopted a new democratic constitution • Emperor Hirohito remained in a ceremonial role

  5. Occupation Rule • New constitution gave voting rights to women, granted freedom of religion and prevented Japan from ever again becoming a military power • Other important reforms included breaking up the zaibatsu, huge corporations run by families • End result – reforms laid groundwork for Japan’s postwar transformation into an economic power

  6. War Crimes Trials • Potsdam – Allied leaders agreed that “stern justice shall be [given] out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners” • Nuremberg Trials • Why Nuremberg? Former rallying place for Nazi Party • Began in November 1945, first verdicts issued Sept. ‘46

  7. War Crimes Trials • International military court • Result – 12 Nazi leaders sentenced to death, seven sent to jail and three were acquitted • Other result – some Nazis escaped to Latin America or hid their identities

  8. War Crimes Trials • Tokyo trials (May 1946-November 1948) • Set up by MacArthur, tried more than 20 Japanese military leaders • Result – Seven people including former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo sentenced to death, others given life in prison

  9. War Crimes Trials • Chief Lessons of War Crimes Trials – • Countries and individuals can be held accountable for actions during war • Set important standards for international law and conduct of war

  10. United Nations • Founding of the UN • Delegates from over 50 countries met in San Francisco in April 1945 to draw up charter • General Assembly – includes all member nations

  11. United Nations • Security Council – Addresses military and political problems • 5 permanent members – US, USSR/Russia, Great Britain, France and China • 10 members serve two-year terms • End 2013: Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan, Togo • End 2014: Argentina, Australia, Luxembourg, S. Korea, Rwanda • Powers of the Security Council • 9 votes or 1 permanent member can veto any resolution passed by G.A.

  12. United Nations • Current Secretary-General – Ban Ki-moon of South Korea • Eleanor Roosevelt one of first U.S. delegates, helped create declaration of human rights • Debate – critics argued UN was doomed to fail because of lack of enforcement power • Most Americans including Truman were optimistic

  13. Founding of Israel • What was Palestine? – • Middle East region claimed by Jews and Arabs but controlled by Great Britain since end of World War I • What happened? • Many Jews moved to Palestine after World War II

  14. Founding of Israel • Britain asked UN to get involved • UN Plan – create two countries, one for Jews and one for Arabs – rejected by Arabs • Zionism (led by David Ben-Gurion) – movement seeking Jewish homeland in Palestine • British withdrawal – Zionist leaders announce creation of Israel as an independent nation in 1948

  15. Founding of Israel • Arab-Israeli War • What happened? Arabs refuse to recognize Israel and immediately declared war • Result of war – Outnumbered Israeli army captured and held much of Palestine • American Jewish community provided financial support to supply and build Israeli military

  16. Founding of Israel • First cease-fire fell apart when negotiator was assassinated • Second cease-fire – Israel got more land, Jerusalem into split Arab and Israeli zones, Egypt got the Gaza Strip and Jordan controlled the West Bank • End result – Arab countries still refused to recognize Israel, fate of Palestinians in Israel left unresolved as well

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