Chapter 19 THE COLD WAR

1. Chapter 19 THE COLD WAR Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Section 2: The Cold War Begins Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Section 4: The Cold War at Home

2. Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Objectives: • What actions did Allied forces take to stabilize Germany and Japan after the war? • How did the Allied Powers try war criminals? • Why was the United Nations founded, and how was it organized? • What events led to the founding of the new country of Israel, and how did Arab countries respond?

3. Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Stabilizing Germany • Germany divided into four occupation zones under Allied control. • Nazi Party crushed and local governments re-established. • Refugees returned to their homes.

4. Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War Stabilizing Japan • Militarism ended. • Democratic government created, with a constitution. • Economy reformed.

5. Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War War crimes trials • Some Nazi leaders were sentenced to death, but most received jail sentences, and many Nazis escaped. • Among the Japanese sentenced to death was Japan’s premier, Hideki Tojo. • Trials set important standards for international law and the conduct of war. • The trials established that countries and individuals were accountable for their actions during war.

6. Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War The United Nations • founded to promote world peace, human rights, and equality • founded to show respect for justice and treaty obligations • founded to aid social progress and improve standards of living • General Assembly included all member nations. • Security Council included U.S., Great Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union, and 10 additional rotating members.

7. Section 1: Healing the Wounds of War The founding of Israel • Many European Jews sought a home in Palestine after the Holocaust. • Britain had ruled Palestine since World War I but could not resolve conflicting claims to it. • The UN created a partition plan and the British withdrew. • Jews accepted the plan and proclaimed the state of Israel. • Arabs rejected the proposal and attacked Israel.

8. Section 2: The Cold War Begins Objectives: • What caused the Cold War, and what was the U.S. strategy during the Cold War? • How did the U.S. government try to control the development of atomic weapons? • How did the Marshall Plan help block the spread of communism in Europe? • How did the Western Allies respond to Soviet expansion?

9. Section 2: The Cold War Begins The Cold War • Major economic, political, and philosophical differences between U.S. and Soviet Union made them enemies. • As Soviet Union expanded, U.S. responded with policy of containment.

10. Section 2: The Cold War Begins Control of atomic weapons • Baruch Plan imposed penalties on countries that did not follow international rules. • Atomic Energy Act created the Atomic Energy Commission in the U.S. to oversee research and promote peacetime uses of atomic energy.

11. Section 2: The Cold War Begins The Marshall Plan • alleviated economic problems so countries were less vulnerable to communism • stabilized European economies • led to European economic recovery

12. Section 2: The Cold War Begins Western Allies’ responses to Soviet expansion • created NATO • created Federal Republic of Germany • supplied West Berlin during Soviet blockade

13. Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Objectives: • How did the Chinese Communists gain control of China? • What factors led to the escalation of the conflict in Korea? • What were the domestic and international effects of the Korean War? • What methods did President Eisenhower use to promote U.S. interests abroad?

14. Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Chinese Communists gain control of China • Instability of the republic of 1911 led to civil war. • The two factions, Nationalists and Communists, cooperated against the Japanese. • Communists successfully resisted Japan in Northwest China, and instituted land reforms, which gained them popular support. • Most of China under Communist control by 1949; Nationalists had retreated to Taiwan. • People’s Republic of China established.

15. Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Factors that escalated the conflict in Korea • Allies divided Korea into two zones, and North and South Korea set up separate governments. • When the U.S. and the Soviet Union pulled their troops out, North and South Korea clashed along the 38th parallel. • North Korea invaded South Korea, and the UN named North Korea the aggressor. • U.S. pledged support for South Korea and UN forces went to its defense. • China entered war on North Korea’s side.

16. Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Effects of the Korean War • There were millions of deaths. • Borders of North and South Korea remained almost unchanged. • Truman and the Democrats lost popularity while Eisenhower and the Republicans became more popular.

17. Section 3: The Cold War Turns Hot Eisenhower’s methods for promoting U.S. interests • used CIA covertly in Guatemala and Iran • issued the Eisenhower Doctrine offering military aid to Middle Eastern nations who resisted Communist aggression • refused to support Hungarian rebels

18. Section 4: The Cold War at Home Objectives: • What actions did the U.S. government take to limit communism at home, and how did these actions affect daily life in America? • How was Senator Joseph McCarthy able to play upon Americans’ fears of communism? • How did Americans react to the prospect of nuclear war?

19. Section 4: The Cold War at Home Government actions to limit communism at home • Internal Security Act required Communist Party members to register with the federal government and imposed immigration controls on sympathizers. • Loyalty Review Board investigated more than 20,000 federal employees, firing many. • HUAC investigated peace organizations, liberal groups, labor unions, the movie industry, and individuals, causing blacklisting and other damage. • Public hysteria was created and many Americans’ civil rights were violated.

20. Section 4: The Cold War at Home McCarthy’s use of American fears • claimed to have evidence of Communists infiltrating the U.S. government • used his Senate subcommittee to question the patriotism of hundreds of government workers • ruined many reputations and cost people their jobs

21. Section 4: The Cold War at Home American reaction to possibility of nuclear war • Many turned to religion. • Some built bomb shelters. • Air-raid drills conducted in schools and public places. • Civil Defense education programs conducted. • SANE established. • Arms race and space exploration supported.