Chapter 26 The Cold War

1. Chapter 26The Cold War

2. Causes of the Cold War

3. Changes • United Nations has its first meeting: • April 25th 1945 • Officially sign the charter to establish the UN on June 26th. • Harry Truman becomes president of the United States on April 12, 1945 because of the sudden death of FDR. • Clement Attlee becomes the new British Prime Minister.

4. Potsdam Conference

5. Potsdam Conference • Opinions from the Yalta Conference do not count here, which causes tension between the two great powers. • Truman does not want to take reparations from Germany per the agreement at Yalta. • Soviets feel justified in taking the Eastern half of Germany because of the devastation wrought upon their home soil. • 20 million Russian deaths, half of whom were civilians. • Holding this land would allow them to stop future invasions from the west, if they ever came.

6. Communism VS Democracy • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland. • Can anyone tell me what kind of government these countries had after World War II? • They had Communist governments and became Satellite nations of the USSR. • A satellite nation is a nation that appears to be sovereign, but is actually under the control of another nation.

7. Goals of the United States • Create a new world order in which all nations had the right to self-determination. • Gain Access to raw materials and markets for its industries. • Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for American goods. • Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive.

8. Goals of the Soviet Union • Encourage communism in other countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy. • Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials • Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. influence in Western Europe. • Keep Germany divided and weak so that it would never again threaten the Soviet Union.

9. The Iron Curtainor Sinew of Peace Speech -- Winston Churchill • Divided Europe Page 811 • Buffer Zone • Satellite Nations that are the eastern European nations. • Early 1946 Stalin makes a speech announcing that communism and capitalism were incompatible—and that another war is inevitable.

10. Sinews of Peace Speech

11. United States’ Response • Policy of Containment – Feb. 1946—George Kennan • An attempt to block Soviet expansion by creating alliances & supporting weak nations • “Contain” Communism • Official U.S. Foreign Policy toward Soviet Union

12. Truman Doctrine • First attempt by the United States to stymie communist growth • March 1947 • $400 million aid to Turkey & Greece • Give aid to any country opposing Communism • Strengthen countries in order to fight off Communism. p. 812 • Boosted Anti-Communist feelings in America • “it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” -Truman

13. Marshall Plan • Proposed in June 1947 • European Recovery Plan • Aid to all countries in Europe • Countered hunger, poverty, depression, and chaos • Promptly approved Feb. 1948 • Soviet Union invaded and took over Czechoslovakia • $12.5 billion in aid – highly successful

14. A Divided Germany

15. Berlin Airlift • AKA – Berlin Blockade • Soviets opposed German reunification • West Berlin held hostage by Soviets • Cut off highway, water, and rail traffic • City faced starvation • Food/Supplies flown into West Berlin • 327 continuous days • Soviets lift blockade May 1949

16. Reorganization of Germany • Federal Republic of Germany • Great Britain, U.S., & French Zones • West Germany • Capital: Bonn • German Democratic Republic • Soviet Zone • East Germany • Capital: East Berlin

17. North Atlantic Treaty Organization • NATO • 10 Western European nations • U.S. and Canada • An attack on one means an attack on all • Marks the end of United States’ isolationism • 1st military alliance US joined during peacetime