Geography

1. Geography I. World Regions

2. A) Political Regions • Physical Regions include- climate, vegetation, political, economic, and cultural regions.

3. B) Landforms and Physical Regions • Archipelago- A group of islands scattered in an expanse of water. • Bay- A body of water partly enclosed by land, with access to the ocean. • Canyon- A deep and narrow valley with steep sides and a stream of water flowing through it. • Fjord- A narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high, rocky cliffs created by glaciers. • Channel- A natural or artificial course for running water.

4. Landforms and Physical Regions • Delta- The landform at the mouth of a river created by deposits of sediment. • Gulf- part of the ocean that juts into the land. • Island- A body of land smaller than a continent, that is entirely surrounded by water. • Isthmus- A narrow strip of land with water on both sides that connects two larger bodies of land. • Lake- A body of water surrounded entirely by land • Mountain Range- A chain of connected mountains • Peninsula- A piece of land jutting into the water and almost surrounded by it. • Plain- A broad area of mostly flat land at a low elevation.

5. Landforms and Physical Regions • Desert- A dry, barren land. • Volcano- An opening in earth's crust through which lava, steam and rock fragments may erupt. • Mesa- A large, flat - topped hill common in the southwest U.S.. • Glacier- A large mass of ice that moves slowly, from higher to lower ground. • Rainforest- Dense forest that receives great amounts of rain.

6. Landforms and Physical Regions • Plateau- A broad area of mostly flat land at a high elevation. • River- A large stream of water that flows through the land into the lake, a sea, or an ocean. • Sea- A large body of salt water, smaller than an ocean. • Strait- A stretch of water joining two large bodies of water, narrower than a channel. • Tributary- A stream or river that flows into a large stream or river. • Valley- An area of low - lying land between mountains of hills.

7. C) Vegetation Regions • Tropical Rainforest- near equator, Brazil (amazon), Mid Africa, Indonesian Archipelago • Savanna- directly above/below equator, Africa (think Lion King), some of Australia, India, Eastern South America • Tundra- the North Pole, top of Russia and Canada, Greenland • Boreal Forest (Taiga)- most of Canada and Russia • Mediterranean Shrub land- areas around the MEDITERRANEAN Sea, also part of California and the bottom of South Africa • Mid-latitude Forest- Eastern US, Western Europe, Eastern China • Hot Desert- Western US, top of Africa, some of Australia, Saudi Arabia and some of the Middle East

8. D) Climate Regions • Tropical Dry • 1. Hot temperatures year-round. • 2. A wet season and a dry season. • Tropical Wet • 1. Hot temperatures year-round • 2. Rains quite a bit throughout the year. • Humid Subtropical • 1. Hot and humid summers. • 2. Mild winters • 3. Rains throughout the year, but heaviest in the summer months. • Mediterranean • 1. Hot and dry (little rain) summers • 2. Mild and wet (more rain) winters • Humid Continental • 1. Hot and humid summers • 2.Cold and snowy winters. • 3. Good amount of rain in summer • Marine West Coast • 1. Cool Summers • 2. Mild Winters • 3. Rain throughout the year • Subarctic • 1. Cool Summers • 2. Very Cold Winters • Tundra • 1. Cool summers • 2. Extremely cold winters • Ice Cap- Below freezing throughout the year. • Arid- Extremely dry (less than 10 inches of rain per year) • Semi-Arid- Pretty dry (10 - 20 inches of rain per year) • High Elevation • 1. Found in areas with mountains. • 2. Cooler temperatures throughout the year. • 3. Temperatures get colder as the elevation gets higher.

9. Climate Regions • Wind and ocean current are the two things most responsible for our weather and the patterns it creates

10. E) 5 Themes Of Geography • MR. LIP • Movement- The travel of people, goods, and ideas from one location to another. • Region- area described by its features • Location- Where something is • Interaction- How humans interact with their environment • Place- specific point on earth

11. Geography II. Africa & the Middle East

12. A) Physical Geography • Africa is the 2nd largest after Asia. • Mainly dry desert areas • Birthplace of the three religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. • Africa & the Middle East have the largest Oil deposits in the world. • Sub-Saharan Africa is the least developed area in the world. • Early Civilizations developed here because of the underground water & the rivers (Nile, Euphrates & Tigris)

13. Physical Geography • Long coastline • Rivers • Waterways constantly need upkeep to allow ships to pass through. (think Silt) • Deserts • Oil deposits

14. B) Ecosystems of Africa & ME • Two different areas where plants and animals inhabit. • Savanna & rainforest • Savanna- wet & dry lions, giraffes, and elephants (large animals) • Rainforest- snakes, monkeys ect., tigers

15. C) Economy • Cocoa • Coffee • Cotton • Peanuts • Palm oil • OTHER NOTES • Apartheid- a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. • Nelson Mandela ended apartheid.

16. Geography III. Asia

17. Asia

18. Asia • Is the largest continent on earth • Most people in the world live here • Many island chains on this continent- archipelagos • Russia is the largest, then China

19. A) Physical Geography of Asia • Rivers provide most of the areas that are not covered in mountains with fertile soil. • Himalayan mountains in this region are the highest in the world. • Climate in this region ranges from monsoon rains to winter weather. • Depends on the location Russia v Japan • Longitude and latitude dictate

20. B) Vegetation, Agriculture & Economy • Forest and grassland replaced by farmland • Rainforests being cut down • Tea, cotton, iron, limestone, rice, sugarcane, rubber, iron-ore, coal (China is mainly responsible for these goods)

21. C)Human & Political Geography • Other religions in the Asian continents are Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Jainism, Christianity, and Sikhism. • Countries like India, Sir Lanka, and Pakistan. • Religion and philosophy helped to create hierarchical society • This was removed by a revolutionary movement, civil war and war with Japan. • Communists ruled with Mao Zedong and the Samurai warriors.

22. C)Human & Political Geography • India's Economy is private enterprise with state control • China’s Econ is state is dominant, Mao, nationalized all industry and turned farming into a team effort • His successor Deng Xiaoping introduced foreign investment and gave some private ownership. • US unpopular due to Vietnam war and support for Pakistan in the war against India • US wants to use trade as a lever to force China to respect human rights.

23. Geography IV. Europe

24. Europe

25. Europe • Asia is on the same continent as Europe. • Europe was split into east and west known as the Iron Curtain. • Fell at the end of the cold war. • Western Europe and Soviet backed Eastern Europe.

26. A)The Impact of Geography on Agricultural & Industry • No spot in Europe is less than 300 miles from the coast. • The sea is used for fishing and extracting oil • The sea is the reason for the temperate climate in Europe. • The Great European Plain covers area from Germany to Russia. • Eastern Europe is cold. Very Cold. • Very Mountainous.

27. B) Cultural & Human Geography • 26 Independent nations in Europe • Site of World War I &II • 2nd Largest exporter of agricultural goods. • The decline of communism to more democratic governments has caused a break up in Europe • They have joined the EEC & NATO • Closely allied w/ the USA

28. Geography V. Latin America

29. Latin America • Most of South America, Mexico and central America • 4th Largest continent

30. A) Landforms • Andes Mountains stretch 4,000 miles here. • Mexico 15% of land is used for farming due to the rugged landscape. • The Amazon River Basin Is located in LA

31. B) Climate • Most of LA lies in the tropics- 80 Degrees • Sometimes Hurricanes threaten this region • Products that thrive in this climate are cocoa, sugar cane, tobacco, coffee

32. C) Economic Geography • With the small amount of land that can support farming land is being cleared in the amazon. • Deforestation contributes to Global Warming when carbon dioxide is released when trees ae cut down • Many minerals found in this region copper, oil, tin.

33. D) Human Geography • Latin America is divide by class rich v poor • Relations with the US are stormy • Since the Monroe Doctrine- document that opposed European colonization • Although the US and certain people view this as US investment many see it as US Imperialism

34. Geography VI. Canada

35. Canada • 26 million people live in Canada • 80% live on the border between the US & Canada

36. A) Physical Geography • Similar to areas of the US • Large prairies, mountains, the great lakes • Weather much like Michigan

37. B) Natural Vegetation, Resources and Economy • Maritime- Island states or provinces • Canadas resources are things like fish, forestry, wheat, dairy, oil and hydroelectric power. • Hydroelectric – power or electricity made from the movement of water

38. C)People and Culture • Canada is influenced by the colonization of the French and the British. • Its capital Toronto, is the largest city. • The British Monarchy is still their head of state

39. D) Relationship with the USA • Canada is completely free of Britain and France but their ties with Britain remain strong • The relations with the US are more important • The USA trade with Canada more than any other country 20% • 70% of all Canadian exports go to the USA • The USA and Canada have had issues as well but resolve them peacefully.

40. Geography VII. Global Issues

41. Global Issues • Some of the issues the world faces are nuclear war, pollution, global warming, population rising, continua ting warfare.

42. A) Environmental pollution • Global warming- the increase in earth temperature • Causes sea levels to rise, melting of the glaciers and ice caps • More extreme weather • Emissions- releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere • Deforestation- cutting/burning of trees • Desertification- area turning desert

43. B) Nuclear Proliferation • Proliferation- rapid increase • The increase in nuclear energy and weapons poses a threat of war • If nuclear war were to occur the earth and all who live here will be threatened.

44. C)Ethnic, Tribal, and religious war • Treaty of Versailles (1919)- created after WWI made new nations from ones that were defeated. • After WWII many of these new nations become product of Soviet-Russia. • After the cold war (not a real war)- the Russian empire fell apart creating even more new nations and more battles. • Ethnic Cleansing – killing or removing people of a different ethnicity