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Secondary Production

Secondary Production. Jimmy Nelson SES Fall 2012. SECONDARY PRODUCTION. WHAT IS IT? WHAT INFLUENCES IT? WHAT DETERMINES PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW THROUGH SECONDARY PRODUCERS AND THUS THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS? HOW IS SECONDARY PRODUCTION MEASURED?. SECONDARY PRODUCTION.

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Secondary Production

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  1. Secondary Production Jimmy Nelson SES Fall 2012

  2. SECONDARY PRODUCTION • WHAT IS IT? • WHAT INFLUENCES IT? • WHAT DETERMINES PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW THROUGH SECONDARY PRODUCERS AND THUS THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS? • HOW IS SECONDARY PRODUCTION MEASURED?

  3. SECONDARY PRODUCTION • Secondary production is the generation of biomass by HETEROTROPHS (anything that is not a plant) over an interval of time. • Secondary production is typically measured in grams of organic matter or units of organic matter (e.g. C,N,S). Also measured in energy (Kcal). • The transfer of primary production to secondary production is a very “leaky” process.

  4. Energy Transfer is NOT 100% Energy removed from lower trophic level Energy not used Energy Consumed (Gross Intake) Egested Energy Digested Energy Urinary waste Assimilated Energy Maintenance: Respiration and activity Production: Growth and Reproduction

  5. Big Fish Eat the Little Fish

  6. THE CONCEPTOF TROPHIC LEVELS TROPHIC LEVEL 0 1 2 LINDEMAN 1942 3 4

  7. The thinking Was

  8. Organization By Traits

  9. 4 3 2 1 FOOD WEBS 3 Ocean Grassland

  10. ENERGY FLOW IN CEDAR LAKE BOGLINDEMAN 1942 UNITS ARE KCAL/M2/YR

  11. TROPHIC PYRAMID CONCEPT ENERGY LOSS UP THE FOOD CHAIN BIG THINGS EAT LITTLER THINGS = +

  12. Trophic pyramids Consequence of: Energy loss as you go up food web Larger animals tend to eat smaller animals

  13. TROPHIC PYRAMIDS WHITTAKER ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 31:157 (1961) Experimental ponds

  14. Terrestrial Aquatic Grassland (Odum 1957) Forest (Golley 1960) Ocean (Riley 1956) Lake (Ravera 1969) BIOMASS PYRAMIDS g Carbon per m2 1 0.01 1 3 1 4 32 10 10 500 40,000 16 2 Primary producers Secondary Consumers Carnivores Primary consumer - Herbivores Detritivores

  15. What limits food webs? • 1st Law of Thermodynamics • You can’t get out more energy than you put in • Fixed by plants • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • You can’t breakeven - energy is lost with every transaction

  16. Egestion PROCESSING CONSUMED ENERGY

  17. WHAT DOES AN INDIVIDUAL DO WITH ENERGY? egestion Community NET PRODUCTION

  18. INDIVIDUAL: ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY NUMBER OF CONSUMERS 50 30 20 10 0 CARNIVORES • VARIES WITH FOOD QUALITY • C:N RATIO • PROTIEN & LIPID CONTENT 50 30 20 10 0 HERBIVORES Single cells 50 30 20 10 0 DETRITIVORES 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80 -100 ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY (%) FROM VALIELA 1995

  19. INDIVIDUAL: NET PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY NUMBER OF CONSUMERS • VARIES WITH • TROPHIC LEVEL • METABOLISM • LIFE-STYLE • QUALITY OF FOOD SOURCE CARNIVORES 20 10 0 HERBIVORES 20 10 0 Single cells MAMMALS & BIRDS 1 - 3 % FISH & REPTILES 10% ZOOPLANKTON & INSECTS 40% DETRITIVORES 20 10 0 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80 -100 PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY (%)1 FROM VALIELA 1995 1Based on growth

  20. ECOSYSTEM: EXPLOITATION EFFICIENCY HOW MUCH OF THE NET PRODUCTION OF ONE LEVEL IS INGESTED (eaten) BY THE NEXT LEVEL ENERGY FLOW IN CEDAR LAKE BOG (148/879)*100 = 18 % UNITS ARE KCAL/M2/YR LINDEMAN 1942

  21. EXPLOITATION EFFICIENCY

  22. ECOSYSTEM: ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY HOW MUCH OF THE NET PRODUCTION AT ONE TROPHIC LEVEL TURNS INTO NET PRODUCTION AT THE NEXT TROPHIC LEVEL ENERGY FLOW IN CEDAR LAKE BOG (13/104)*100= 13 % UNITS ARE KCAL/M2/YR LINDEMAN 1942

  23. 40 30 20 10 0 ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY= TROPHIC LEVEL = FOOD CHAIN EFFICIENCY ~ 10% NUMBER 2 6 10 14 16 20 24 ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY (%) for animals that eat other animals (trophic levels 2 - 6) RANGES FROM 2 - 50% Pauley and Christensen Nature 1995

  24. g C m2 year 1000 Grassland HUNTERS Gazelle HERBIVORES Lion MCNABB1973 Why are large carnivorous animals so rare ? 40% Exploitation Efficiency 5% Growth efficiency 20 10% Trophic efficiency 2

  25. GO DOWN GO UP HOW DO ATTRIBUTES CHANGE AS YOU MOVE UP THE FOOD WEB? • NUMBER OF SPECIES • POPULATION SIZE • REPRODUCTIVE RATES • BODY SIZE • HOME RANGE • SEARCHING ABILITY • MAINTENANCE COSTS • ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY PRICE 1975

  26. Annual Secondary Production

  27. HOW TO ESTIMATE SECONDARY PRODUCTION IN THEORY, IT IS THE SAME AS FOR PLANTS -- JUST FIGURE OUT HOW MUCH BIOMASS THEY ACCUMULATE IN A CERTAIN AREA OVER A CERTAIN TIME. How many are there? How much did they grow? Net Production = X 700 g biomass per m2 per Year 500 = 300 WEIGHT OF INDIVIDUAL 100 -100 0 2 4 6 8 10 YEAR Age or Length

  28. NET PRODUCTION = • THE BALANCE BETWEEN GAINS AND LOSSES • FOR THE FOR THE • INDIVIDUALPOPULATION • GAINS GROWTH BIRTHS • LOSSES EXCRETION DEATHS • RESPIRATION MIGRATION • REPRODUCTION

  29. FOR THE ECOSYSTEM FOR EACH POPULATION INTEGRATE OVER A POPULATION COMPRISED OF INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND PRODUCTION RATES. NEED TO INTEGRATE: 1. THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS AT ANY GIVEN SIZE 2. GROWTH AT SIZE 3. REPRODUCTION AT SIZE 4. MORTALITY RATES THEN DO IT AGAIN FOR EVERY SPECIES IN THE ECOSYSTEM

  30. THIS CAN BE DIFFICULT BECAUSE ANIMALS HAVE "BEHAVIOR" THEY BITE THEY HIDE

  31. NUMERICAL ABUNDANCE METABOLISM AND INGESTION SCALING WITH BODY SIZE ATTRIBUTE WEIGHT of INDIVIDUAL (g)

  32. Log (P/B) Log [WEIGHT of INDIVIDUAL (g)] SCALING WITH BODY SIZE

  33. P:B RATIO P/B ratio 100 10 1 0.1 0.0000000001 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10,000 grams From Banse and Moser 1980

  34. SUMMARY • WHAT IS SECONDARY PRODUCTION? • All production that isn’t by a plant. • WHAT INFLUENCES IT? • 1st Law of Thermo - Initial energy fixed by plants. • 2nd Law Thermo - Losses during processing in the food web. • WHAT INFLUENCES PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM? • Fundamental differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Quality of food eaten • Metabolism and Allocation of assimilated energy by organisms. • HOW IS SECONDARY PRODUCTION MEASURED? • Essentials are the same as for plants only techniques are more varied.

  35. LAB TODAY • If YOU DOTHIS LAB WELL, YOU WILL GET WET, MUDDY and COLD - Bring Polar fleece, hats, towel, extra clothes. • WEAR SWIMSUITS AND BRING SNORKELING AND FISHING GEAR

  36. Later this week . . . • Tomorrow for class - calculate your own isotope estimate • Thurs - calculate the ecological efficiencies for the beginning of lab

  37. NP NP I I NP I PRIMARY PRODUCERS SECONDARY PRODUCERS Herbivores Carnivores 1° consumer 2° consumer 3° consumer Respiration Migration Caring for young Food search NPP= 100,000 Respiration Migration Respiration Energy Loss Net Production 800 150 17.5 Ingestion 2050 0.5 250 200 20 20 Egestion Units: Kcal/m2/yr 50 1000 30 2 EFFICIENCY (%) EXPLOITATION ASSIMILATION NET PRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL

  38. NP NP I I NP I PRIMARY PRODUCERS SECONDARY PRODUCERS Herbivores Carnivores 1° consumer 2° consumer 3° consumer Respiration Migration Caring for young Food search NPP= 100,000 Respiration Migration Respiration Energy Loss Net Production 800 150 17.5 Ingestion 2050 0.5 250 200 20 20 Egestion Units: Kcal/m2/yr 50 escapes 1000 30 2 EFFICIENCY (%) X 100 = % EXPLOITATION ASSIMILATION NET PRODUCTION ECOLOGICAL 2050/100,000 = 2.0 200/250 = 80 20/20 = 100 (800+250)/2050 = 51.2 (150+20)/200 = 85 (17.5+0.5)/20 = 90 250/1050 = 23.0 20/170 = 11.7 0.5/18 = 2.7 250/100,000 = 0.2 20/250 = 8 0.5/20 = 2.5

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