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The Union Reconstructed

14. The Union Reconstructed. The Union Reconstructed. The Bittersweet Aftermath of War National Reconstruction Politics The Lives of Freedpeople Reconstruction in the Southern States Conclusion: A Mixed Legacy. The Bittersweet Aftermath of War. The United States in April, 1865.

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The Union Reconstructed

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  1. 14 The Union Reconstructed

  2. The Union Reconstructed • The Bittersweet Aftermath of War • National Reconstruction Politics • The Lives of Freedpeople • Reconstruction in the Southern States • Conclusion: A Mixed Legacy

  3. The Bittersweet Aftermath of War

  4. The United States in April, 1865 • Status of former Confederate states? • Lincoln claims the right to decide • Republican party dominant • Associated with southern defeat • North and South economically different • Almost 4 million freedpeople

  5. The United States in 1865

  6. Hopes Among the Freedpeople • Many go to towns • Some hope to be reunited with families • Some make legal marriages • Education valued

  7. Consequences of War

  8. The White South’s Response • Widespread fear • Attempts to reassert old social structures • Black Codes, 1866

  9. The End of Slavery?

  10. National Reconstruction Politics

  11. Presidential Reconstruction • President Johnson, two proclamations • First: amnesty for some, not for leaders, elites • Second: readmission • Terms of readmission • Provisional governors selected by president • State conventions • Ratification of Thirteenth Amendment

  12. Presidential Reconstruction (cont'd) • This done by all • All readmitted by the end of 1865 • But not all terms fully met

  13. Congressional Reconstruction • Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner • Pushed for full civil rights for blacks • Congress refuses to recognize southern members • Joint Committee on Reconstruction • Civil rights bill passed, 1866 • Freedmen’s Bureau

  14. Congressional Reconstruction(cont'd) • Violence in the South results • Aimed at blacks • Fourteenth Amendment • Reconstruction Acts

  15. Reconstruction Amendments

  16. The President Impeached • Johnson vetoes Reconstruction acts • House Judiciary Committee calls for impeachment • 1868, Impeachment trial • One vote short of two-thirds majority • Moderate Republicans gain strength

  17. The Meaning of Reconstruction • Few Confederates punished • Few measures helping freedpeople • Some suffragists oppose Fourteenth Amendment • Women’s movement split in 1869 • Some work at the state level • Some at the national level

  18. The Lives of Freedpeople

  19. The Freedmen’s Bureau • Emergency rations, supplies • Help in relocation, finding family members • Provided legal support • Too few agents for the task • Impossible task, yet had some success

  20. Economic Freedom by Degrees • Landholding changes • Concentrated into larger holdings • More single-crop farming • Sharecropping • Arises from desire for more independence • Few do well, but gradual gain in autonomy

  21. The Rise of Tenancy in the South, 1880

  22. White Farmers • Fewer independent farmers after the war • Exhausted lands • Even more isolated • Still have faith in white superiority • Ku Klux Klan – emerges in the late 1860s • Attacks on blacks

  23. Black Self-Help • Conditions worsen • Black churches proliferate • Schools • Increase in literacy among blacks • Desire for separatism, emigraton

  24. Black Schoolchildren with Their Books and Teacher

  25. Reconstruction in the Southern States

  26. Republican Rule • Republican coalition governments • Those supporting economic growth • Northern Republican capitalists • Union veterans, teachers, missionaries • African Americans • Reorganization of state governments • Resisted

  27. The Return of Conservative Democratic Control in Southern States During Reconstruction

  28. Violence and “Redemption” • Systematic terrorism • Including attacks on white Republicans • Fewer Republicans vote in 1870 • “Mississippi Plan” • “Redemption” • Congress passes Force Acts, 1870, 1871 • Designed to lessen intimidation • But helping blacks loses its appeal

  29. Violence and “Redemption” (cont'd) • Terrorism continues

  30. Ensuring Votes for the Democratic Ticket

  31. Shifting National Priorities • Americans tired of conflict • Shift to economic growth, territorial expansion • Working-class organization • National Labor Union

  32. Shifting National Priorities (cont'd) • Widespread corruption • Local governments: bosses • Federal government: cronyism • Congress described as an auction room

  33. The End of Reconstruction • Depression in mid-1870s • Congressional Reconstruction dies • Civil Rights Bill of 1875 fails • Disputed election of 1876 • Rutherford B. Hayes elected • Orders troops out of South • Reconstruction officially over

  34. The End of Reconstruction

  35. Conclusion:A Mixed Legacy

  36. Conclusion:A Mixed Legacy • Twelve years of Reconstruction • 1877 – Compromise reached • Southern states rejoin the Union • Critical deficiencies • Freed slaves face opposition • Yet, gains in education • Constitutional amendments • Potential for change, more than fulfillment

  37. Timeline

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