Tissues

1. Tissues Chapter 5

2. Introduction • Tissue-a group of similar cells that perform a specialized function • Four major types of tissue: • Epithelial-form protective coverings and function in secretion and absorption • Connective-support softer body parts and bind structures together • Muscle-produce body movements • Nervous-conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities

3. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/index_clip_image001.jpghttp://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/index_clip_image001.jpg

4. Epithelial Tissues: General Characteristics • They…cover organs, form inter linings of cavities, and line hollow organs • Always has a surface exposed • The underside is anchored to connective tissue by a thin, nonliving layer, called the basement membrane • They lack blood vessels but nutrients get to them by diffusion through the connective tissue below it

5. http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/review1_fall05_chap_tissue5_files/image009.jpghttp://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/review1_fall05_chap_tissue5_files/image009.jpg

6. Epithelial cells divide quickly which allows for injuries to heal rapidly (where they are they get damaged quite a bit) • Tightly packed which allows them to be great protective barriers like outside of skin • They secrete, absorb, excrete, and aid in sensory reception

7. http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/10_Simple_Squamous_Apical_Epithelial_Tissue.jpghttp://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/10_Simple_Squamous_Apical_Epithelial_Tissue.jpg

8. Classified according to shape and number of layers: • Simple-composed of a single layer of cells • Stratified-two or more layers of cells • Squamous-thin flattened cells • Cuboidal-cube shaped • Columnar-elongated cells • Structure affects function with these tissues!!!!

9. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg

10. Simple Squamous epithelium • Single layer of thin, flattened cells • Main function is diffusion and filtration • Line air sacs (alveoli) of lungs and capillaries of blood and lymph for gas exchange • Easily damaged http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/handdrawn2.jpg

11. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/simple_cuboidal.jpg

12. http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios171/images/lab1/columnar.jpghttp://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios171/images/lab1/columnar.jpg

13. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Pseudostratw.jpg

14. webanatomy.net

15. http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/stratified-cuboidal-epithelium.pnghttp://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/stratified-cuboidal-epithelium.png

17. http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/13.powerpoint_-_urinary_system/transitional_epithelium.jpghttp://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/13.powerpoint_-_urinary_system/transitional_epithelium.jpg

18. http://images.tutorvista.com/content/tissues/glandular-epithelium-tissue.jpeghttp://images.tutorvista.com/content/tissues/glandular-epithelium-tissue.jpeg

19. Glandular Epithelium • Glands secrete their products into ducts that open onto some internal or external surface are called exocrine glands • Glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood are called endocrine glands • Exocrine glands are split into three groups

20. http://home.earthlink.net/~bellastuff/nutrition/glands.gif

21. Excretory glands Sweat and saliva Mammary glands Sebaceous glands of the skin

22. Connective Tissues Connective tissue video • Connective tissues • Bind structures • Provide support and protection • Serve as frameworks • Fill spaces • Store fat • Produce blood cells • Protect against infections • Help repair tissue damage

23. General Characteristics • Father apart than epithelial cells, have an abundance of intercellular material or matrix between them (made of fibers and ground substance) • Can usually divide • Most have good blood supplies • Quite rigid (bone and cartilage) • Some flexible (loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and dense connective tissue)

24. http://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpghttp://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpg

25. Major cell types • Some are fixed cells (fibroblasts and mast cells) appear in stable numbers, some are wandering cells (macrophages) which appear temporarily • Fibroblasts-produce fibers by secreting proteins into the matrix of connective tissues (most common fixed cells)

26. Fibroblasts

27. Macrophages (histocytes)- start as white blood cells and carry on phagocytosis • Can move around and are scavenger cells that clear foreign particles from tissues http://srxa.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/macrophage-2.jpg

28. Mast cells large and usually located near blood vessels they release heparin (prevents blood clotting) and histamine (promotes inflammation and allergies) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mastocytosis/PublishingImages/Human_mast_cell.jpg

29. Three types of connective tissue fibers • Collagenous fibers - thick threads of the protein collagen • Collagenous fibers are important components of body pats that hold structures together • Ligaments – connect bones to bones • Tendons – connects muscles to bones • Elastic fibers – composed of protein called elastin • Elastic fibers are weaker and stretch easily • Found in body parts that stretch like vocal cords • Reticular fibers – thin collagenous fibers • Highly branched and form delicate support networks

30. http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/craniosacral-therapy/story-craniosacral-therapy-inst-08http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/craniosacral-therapy/story-craniosacral-therapy-inst-08

31. 6 Types of connective tissue • Connective tissue proper: • Loose connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Dense (fibrous) connective tissue • Specialized connective tissue: • Cartilage • Bone • Blood

32. http://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpghttp://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpg

33. Loose connective tissue • Function: Binds organ together; holds tissue fluids • Location: Beneath skin, between muscles, beneath epithelial tissues • General characteristics: Forms thin membranes throughout the body

34. Loose connective tissue http://stevegallik.org/sites/histologyolm.stevegallik.org/images/areolar_01.jpg

35. Adipose tissue • Function: Protects, insulates, stores fat • Location: Beneath skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, on surface of heart • General characteristics: Fat, which is a specialized form of loose connective tissue, develops when certain cells store fat in droplets within their cytoplasm that enlarge

36. Adipose tissue http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/musculoskeletal/adipose_tissue_white_40x.jpg

37. Dense connective tissue • Function: Binds organs together • Location: Tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin • General characteristics: Consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers

38. Dense connective tissue http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/15lab42006/lb4pg6_files/image013.jpg

39. Hyaline cartilage • Function: Supports, protects, provides framework • Location: Nose, ends of bones, rings in the walls of respiratory passages • General characteristics: Most common type; has very fine collagenous fivers in its matrix and looks somewhat like white glass

40. Hyaline cartilage http://washington.uwc.edu/about/wayne.schaefer/TISSUES/hyaline_cartilage1.jpg http://www.chiropractic-help.com/images/Hyaline-cartilage-degenerate.jpg

41. Elastic cartilage • Function: Supports, protects, provides flexible framework • Location: Framework of external ear and parts of larynx • General characteristics: Contains a dense network of elastic fibers; is more flexible than hyaline cartilage

42. Elastic cartilage http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Connective_Tissues/Cartilage_Integument/Elastic_Cartilage_400x_PA112033lbd.JPG

43. Fibrocartilage • Function: Supports, protects, absorbs shock • Location: Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee • General characteristics: Very tough tissue, contains many collagenous fibers

44. Fibrocartilage http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/connective_tissue_lab/images/fibrocartilage.jpg

45. Bone • Function: Supports, protects, provides framework • Location: Bones of skeleton • General characteristics: Most rigid connective tissue, made of bones cells or osteocytes

46. Bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/250px-Illu_long_bone.jpg

47. Blood • Function: Transports substances, helps maintain stable internal environment • Location: Throughout body within a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers • General characteristics: Transports a variety of material between interior body cells and those that exchange substances with the external environment; has red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (cell fragments)

48. Blood http://0.tqn.com/d/hepatitis/1/0/e/0/-/-/I2Blood.jpg

49. Skeletal muscle tissue (striated) • Function: Voluntary movements of skeletal parts • Location: Muscles usually attached to bones • General characteristics: Found in muscles that attach to bones and are controlled by conscious effort

50. Skeletal muscle tissue (striated)