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1. Evidence that I am here- Part II!Ms. Gorney’s Biology EOC Review PART IIPRINT OUT THIS SLIDE AND THE SLIDE FROM PART I AND GIVE IT TO MS. GORNEY FOR EVEN MORE EXTRA CREDIT ! Name ____________________ Date _____________________ Parent Signature ____________________ 5/28/2014 4:07 AM

2. EOC REVIEW NOTESPart 2 Spring 2009

3. Genetics Day 5

6. Interphase = majority of the life of a cell – the time during which it grows and prepares for replication • Mitosis = division of the nucleus

7. Four phases: • Prophase – chromatin condenses to show individual chromosomes; centrioles replicate and spindle begins to form; nucleus dissolves

8. Metaphase – chromosomes line up along the center of the cell; each chromosome is attached to spindle fiber at centromere • Anaphase – sister chromatids separate into opposite sides of the cell

9. Telophase – chromatids gather at opposite ends of cell; nuclei reform; spindle disappears

10. Two IDENTICAL cells are formed (diploid) • Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) • Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm – occurs directly after telophase of mitosis and telophase I and II of meiosis

11. MeiosisTwo divisions with 4 phases in each:Meiosis IDuring prophase I, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomesDuring metaphase I, homologous chromosomes line up at center of cellDuring anaphase I and telophase I, homologous chromosomes are separated into different sides of the cell

12. Meiosis II • Looks much like mitosis in that sister chromatids are separated • Four DIFFERENT cells are formed • Occurs in sex cells (gametes = sperm and egg) • Daughter cells have ½ the number of chromosomes that the parent cell had (haploid)

13. Mendelian Genetics • Gregor Mendel was a monk that studied cross-pollination in pea plants and recognized predictable patterns of inheritance. • Probability and Punnett Squares

14. Vocabulary to KNOW: • Trait-characteristic • Allele-version of a trai • Dominant-BIG • Recessive-little

15. Homozygous-same • Heterozygous-different • Genotype-letters • Phenotype-what it looks like

16. 1. all body cells, except the sperm and ova are _______________ cells. • A. germ • B. reproductive • C. somatic • D. spindle

17. 2. The type of nuclear division that produces gametes is • A. meiosis • B. cytokinesis • C. interphase • D. mitosis

18. 3. When DNA is in long strands prior to calling, it is in the form of • A. chromosomes • B. centromeres • C. chromatin • D. chromatids

19. 4. A type of nuclear division that takes place in somatic cells is • A. meiosis • B. cytokinesis • C. interphase • D. mitosis

20. 5. During interphase, the cell • A. splits its homologous pairs • B. grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division • C. divides the number of chromosomes in half • D. becomes separated by a cellular membrane

21. 6. In fertilization, gametes fuse to form a • A. embryo • B. soatic cell • C. zygote • D. reproductive cell

22. Non-Mendelian Genetics • Codominance – two alleles are equally dominant, therefore the heterozygote shows both alleles. • Example: In cows, Black (BB) and White (WW) are codominant; BW is spotted or roan. • Problem: If a Black Cow and a Roan Bull are mated, what is the probability of a roan baby?

23. Incomplete Dominance – one allele is not completely dominant over another, therefore the heterozygote is a mix of the two alleles. • Example: In snapdragons, Red (RR) and White (WW) are incompletely dominant. RW is a pink flower. • Problem: If two pink flowers are crossed, what is the probability of a red flower?

24. Multiple Alleles there are more than 2 alleles for a trait • Example: Human Blood types. Type A and Type B are codominant over Type O. • There are 4 possible blood types and 6 possible genotypes:

26. Problem: Bob has type AB blood and his wife, Annie, is heterozygous for type A blood. What is the probability of their child having type B blood?

27. 1. Chromosomes line up on spindles in the center of a cell during • A. anaphase • B. telophase • C. prophase • D. metaphase

28. 2. When preparing for cell division, the chromatin condenses and becomes a • A. gene • B. chromosome • C. protein • D. codon

29. 3. Mitosis generates • A. daughter cells identical to the mother cell • B. many reproductive cells • C. diseased cells • D. gametes

30. 1. What process of reproduction brings with it the greatest potential for genetic variability? • A. mitosis • B. meiosis • C. cell differentiation • D. interkinesis

31. Genetics Day 6

32. 1. Protein synthesis begins with the manufacture of a molecule of • A. mRNA • B. rRNA • C tRNA • D nucleotide

33. 2. Ribosomes are made of A mRNA B. rRNA C tRNA D protein

34. 3. Proteins are made up of polypeptide chains. Polypeptide chains are composed of • mRNA • rRNA • tRNA • Amino acids

35. 4. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries • A. the mRNA to the ribosome • B. the nucleotide bases to the mRNA • C. an amino acid to the ribosome • D. an amino acid to the cytoplasm

36. 5. Which of the following is the first step in protein synthesis? • A. tRNA bonds to an amino acid in the cytoplasm • B. DNA unravels to expose an mRNA segment • C. DNA unravels to expose a gene segment • D. mRNA bonds to tRNA

37. Sex-Linked Traits – traits for which the gene is carried on the X chromosome. • Diseases are more common in males because they only have 1 X chromosome. • Females who are heterozygous for the trait are called CARRIERS.

38. Problem: Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If Suzie is a carrier for colorblindness and Joe has normal vision. What is the probability of the two having a son with colorblindness?

39. Polygenic Traits – traits for which the genes are carried in multiple locations on multiple chromosomes. • Results in a wide variety of phenotypes. • Examples: Skin Color & Height

40. DNA & Protein Synthesis • DNA Form • Structure of DNA = double helix – discovered by Watson & Crick in 1954)

41. Nucleotide • Phosphate • Sugar – Deoxyribose • Nitrogen Base • Adenine & Thymine • Guanine & Cytosine

43. Nucleotides are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. • Complete the DNA Strand • ATAGCATTCCGACGTCAG

44. DNA Replication – DNA makes an exact copy of itself before cell division • DNA molecule separates into 2 strands. • Each strand of DNA serves as a template or model for the new strand. • Two identical DNA molecules are created • DNA replication is aided by the enzymes helicase and DNA polymerase

45. RNA Form • RNA is single stranded instead of the double strand like DNA • The sugar deoxyribose is replaced with the sugar ribose. • The base Adenine pairs with Uracil instead of Thymine

46. Types of RNA: • Messenger RNA (mRNA)  brings message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.

47. Transfer RNA (tRNA)  brings correct amino acids to the ribosome to assemble the protein being made. • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  the structure of the ribosome

49. Protein Synthesis • Transcription mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus • RNA polymerase separates DNA strands and DNA serves as a template for the formation of mRNA. • Transcribe the following: • ATAGCATTCCGACGTCAG

50. Translation • Making protein at the ribosome from the mRNA • What sequence of amino acids would make up the protein for the DNA strand above?