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Chapter 9: Development

Chapter 9: Development. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. Development. Process of improving material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge & technology More developed countries (MDCs) Lesser developed countries (LDCs).

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Chapter 9: Development

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  1. Chapter 9: Development The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

  2. Development Process of improving material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge & technology More developed countries (MDCs) Lesser developed countries (LDCs)

  3. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? • Economic indicators of development • Human Development Index (HDI) • 4 factors to assess development: • Economic = (1) GDP per capita • Social = (2) literacy & (3) amount of education • Demographic = (4) life expectancy • Gross Domestic Product per capita • U.S. = $45,000

  4. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

  5. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Economic indicators of development • Types of jobs • Primary sector • Secondary sector • Tertiary sector

  6. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Economic indicators of development • Productivity • Measured by value added per capita • MDCs are more productive than LDCs

  7. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Economic indicators of development • Consumer goods • Technology • Transportation • Communication

  8. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons Figure 9-4

  9. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Social indicators of development • Education & literacy • Literacy rate • Over 98% in MDC’s • Less than 60% in LDC’s

  10. Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

  11. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Social indicators of development • Health & welfare • Diet (adequate calories) • Access to health care

  12. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Demographic indicators of development • Life expectancy • MDCs: life expectancy in the 70s • LDCs: life expectancy in the 60s

  13. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Figure 9-26 • Demographic indicators of development • Other demographic indicators: • Infant mortality • Natural increase • Crude birth rate

  14. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed? • More developed regions • North America & Europe • Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, & New Zealand

  15. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed? • Less developed regions • Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs • SW Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI • S Asia & sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

  16. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? • Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) • Compare level of women’s development to both sexes • 4 measures: • Per capita female incomes as % of male per capita incomes • # of females enrolled in school compared to # of males • % of literate females to literate males • Life expectancy of females to males

  17. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Figure 9-17

  18. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Figure 9-21

  19. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? • Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) • Compares decision-making capabilities of men & women in politics & economics • Economic & political indicators: • Per capita female incomes as % of male per capita incomes • % of technical & professional jobs held by women • % of administrative jobs held by women • % of women holding national office

  20. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Figure 9-22

  21. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals Figure 9-23

  22. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Barriers to protect local business • Tariffs, quotas, & restricting # of importers • 2 problems: • Protects inefficient businesses • Develop large bureaucracies • Development through self-sufficiency • Characteristics: • Pace = modest; distribution = even

  23. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • International trade approach • 4 Asian Dragons • S Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong • Petroleum-Rich Arabian Peninsula States • Most commonly selected path by end of 20th c. • Evidence = international trade is more effective • Problems • Triumphs Figure 9-27

  24. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Figure 9-30 • International trade approach triumphs • World Trade Organization • Foreign direct investment

  25. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Financing development • LDC’s need $ for development • 2 sources: • Loans: World Bank & International Monetary Fund • FDI via transnational corporations • Structural Adjustment Programs • Sets economic goals & strategies to achieve them

  26. Debt as a Percentage of Income Figure 9-31

  27. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Fair trade approach • Products made/traded in way that protects workers & small businesses in LDCs • 2 sets of standards • Fair trade producer standards • Fair trade worker standards • Producers & workers usually earn more • Consumers usually pay higher prices

  28. The End.

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