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Immunology

Immunology. Variolation. Lady Montagu. Edward Jenner. Smallpox. Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors. Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors. •. •.

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Immunology

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  1. Immunology

  2. Variolation Lady Montagu

  3. Edward Jenner Smallpox

  4. Recognition of traits specific to particularpathogens, using a vastarray of receptors Recognition of traits sharedby broad ranges ofpathogens, using a smallset of receptors • • Pathogens(such as bacteria,fungi, and viruses) Figure 43.2 Barrier defenses: INNATE IMMUNITY(all animals) SkinMucous membranesSecretions Internal defenses: Phagocytic cellsNatural killer cellsAntimicrobial proteinsInflammatory response • Rapid response Humoral response: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY(vertebrates only) Antibodies defend againstinfection in body fluids. Cell-mediated response: Cytotoxic cells defendagainst infection in body cells. • Slower response

  5. Pathogen Figure 43.3 PHAGOCYTICCELL Vacuole Lysosomecontainingenzymes

  6. Interstitialfluid Bloodcapillary Figure 43.7 Adenoid Tonsils Lymphaticvessels Thymus Lymphatic vessel Tissuecells Lymphatic vessel Peyer’spatches(smallintestine) Spleen Lymphnodes Appendix(cecum) Lymphnode Masses ofdefensive cells

  7. Figure 43.8-1 Pathogen Splinter Macro-phage Signalingmolecules Mastcell Capillary Neutrophil Redblood cells

  8. Figure 43.8-2 Pathogen Splinter Movementof fluid Macro-phage Signalingmolecules Mastcell Capillary Neutrophil Redblood cells

  9. Figure 43.8-3 Pathogen Splinter Movementof fluid Macro-phage Signalingmolecules Mastcell Phagocytosis Capillary Neutrophil Redblood cells

  10. Antigen-binding site Antigen-binding site Figure 43.9 Disulfidebridge V V V V Variable regions C C B cellantigenreceptor Constant regions C C Lightchain Transmembraneregion Heavy chains Plasmamembrane B cell Cytoplasm of B cell

  11. Figure 43.10a Antigenreceptor Antibody B cell Epitope Antigen Pathogen (a) B cell antigen receptors and antibodies

  12. B cells thatdiffer inantigenspecificity Figure 43.14 Antigen Antigenreceptor Antibody Plasma cells Memory cells

  13. Primary immune responseto antigen A producesantibodies to A. Secondary immune response toantigen A produces antibodies to A;primary immune response to antigenB produces antibodies to B. Figure 43.15 104 103 Antibodiesto A Antibody concentration(arbitrary units) Antibodiesto B 102 101 100 7 35 56 49 0 14 21 28 42 Exposure to antigens A and B Exposureto antigen A Time (days)

  14. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response Cell-mediated immune response Figure 43.20 Key Antigen (1st exposure)  Stimulates Engulfed by Gives rise to Antigen-presenting cell    Helper T cell Cytotoxic T cell B cell   Memoryhelper T cells    Antigen (2nd exposure) Memorycytotoxic T cells Active cytotoxic T cells  Plasma cells Memory B cells Secretedantibodies Defend against extracellularpathogens Defend against intracellularpathogens and cancer

  15. Figure 43.22 Histamine IgE Allergen Granule Mast cell

  16. Latency AIDS Figure 43.25 Relative anti-HIV antibodyconcentration 800 Relative HIVconcentration 600 Helper T cell concentration(in blood (cells/mm3) Helper T cellconcentration 400 200 0 9 0 3 7 8 1 2 4 5 6 10 Years after untreated infection

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