GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI DOÇ.DR.HRİSİ BAHAR

2. Fungi

3. Fungi are NOT plants Nonphotosynthetic Eukaryotes Nonmotile Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms) The Characteristics of Fungi

4. Absorptive heterotrophs(digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies Release digestive enzymesto break down organic material or their host Store food energy as glycogen The Characteristics of Fungi BREAD MOLD

5. Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast Lack true roots, stems or leaves The Characteristics of Fungi MULTICELLULAR MUSHROOM UNICELLULAR YEAST

6. Cell walls are made of chitin(complex polysaccharide) Body is called the Thallus Grow as microscopictubes or filaments called hyphae The Characteristics of Fungi

7. Some are edible, while others are poisonous The Characteristics of Fungi EDIBLE POISONOUS

8. Produce both sexual and asexual spores Classified by their sexual reproductive structures The Characteristics of Fungi Spores come in various shapes

9. Grow best in warm, moist environments Mycology is the study of fungi Mycologists study fungi A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi The Characteristics of Fungi

10. Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicilliummold The Characteristics of Fungi Penicillium mold Puffball

11. Vegetative Structures NON-REPRODUCTIVE

12. Tubularshape ONE continuous cell Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei Multinucleate Hard cell wall of chitin Hyphae

13. Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus Hyphae STOLON RHIZOIDS

14. Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments Septa have pores for movement ofcytoplasm Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body) Hyphae

15. Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium is an extensive, feeding part of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi Hyphal growth

16. ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPH • Fungi get carbon from organic sources • Tips of Hyphae release enzymes • Enzymatic breakdown of substrate • Products diffuse back into hyphae Nucleus “directs” the digestive process Enzymatic breakdown Enzymes Digested material is then used by the hyphae

17. Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis) • Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa) • Septate(with septa) Modifications of hyphae NO CROSS WALLS CROSS WALLS

18. Reproductive Culture ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES

19. Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients are scarce REPRODUCTION

20. Spores are an adaptation to life on land Ensure that the species will disperse to new locations Each spore contains a reproductive cell that forms a new organism Nonmotile Dispersed by wind Spores

21. Used when environmental conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…) • No male or female fungi • Some fungi show dimorphism • May grow as MYCELIA or a YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at 25oC & Round at 37oC) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dimorphic Fungi

22. Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization) Forms ahyphae with 2 nuclei that becomes a ZYGOTE The zygote divides to make a SPORE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - + SPORE FORMS

23. Fragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own • Budding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size • Used by yeasts • Asexual spores – production of spores by a single mycelium Three types of Asexual Reproduction

24. Reproduce by spores • Spores may be Formed: • Directly on hyphae • Inside sporangia • On Fruiting bodies Penicillium hyphae Pilobolussporangia Amanita fruiting body

25. Fruiting Bodies are modified as hyphae that make asexual spores An upright stalk called the Sporangiosphore supports the spore case or Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

26. Types of Fruiting Bodies: • Basidia • Sporangia • Ascus ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sporangia Basidia

27. Parasitic Fungi Cause Disease Directly Parasitic Fungi Actual fungal growth in organism Cause Disease Indirectly Allergic reactions Toxin ingestion Exhibit Dimorphism Mould form (mycelial, filamentous) Yeast form (or spherule form) Change due to temperature, nutrients, CO2 levels

28. Major Fila of Fungi Chytridiomycota— sexual and asexual spores motile, with posterior flagella Zygomycota— sexual spores are thick walled resting spores called zygospores Ascomycota—spores borne internally in a sac called an ascus Basidiomycota—spores borne externally on a club-shaped structure called a basidium “deuteromycetes” or Fungi Imperfecti, have no known sexual state in their life cycle.

30. MYCOSES Mycose:Disease caused by a fungus Superficial Cutaneous Subcutaneous Systemic Opportunistic

31. Superficial fungal infection Skin infection Limited to stratum corneum Do not penetrate deeper tissues No inflammation Superficial mycoses *Black piedra *White piedra *Pityriasis versicolor *Tinea nigra Black piedra White piedra

32. Cutaneous mycoses Dermatophytoses Clinical condition caused by fungal infection of the skin in humans Dermatomycoses Skin disease caused by a fungus

33. Subcutaneous mycoses Caused by trauma and introduction of the fungus and bacteria Chromoblastomycosis Phaeohyphomicosis Mycetoma Sporothricosis Mycetoma

34. Systemic mycosis Histoplasmosis Coccidiomycosis Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis

35. Opportunistic mycoses Candidiasis Aspergillosis Mucormycosis Pycomycosis candidiasis