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General characteristics. Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell wall usually mobile in at least one stage of their life produce sexually and produce an embryo. Level of Organization Cells Tissue Organs Organ systems Animal. General Characteristics.
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General characteristics • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • No cell wall • usually mobile in at least one stage of their life • produce sexually and produce an embryo Level of Organization Cells Tissue Organs Organ systems Animal
GeneralCharacteristics except Phylum Cnidaria- no mesoderm 2. Types of tissues epidermis and nervous system ectoderm outer layer circulatory, respiratory and skeletal systems mesoderm middle layer inner-most layer endoderm Digestive tract
Characteristics Symmetry and body plan • Asymmetrical body plan: irregular body shape • Radial symmetry: - can be divided into equal halves by a plane passing through the central axis in any direction • Bilateral symmetry: - body can be divided into equal halves only along a single plane - organisms with bilateral symmetry exhibit cephalization Our body symmetry?
? Radial symm.
Cephalization • concentration of sensory organs and nerve cells at the anterior end • acts as a control centre • allows organism to respond to stimuli quickly • evolutionary favoured
GeneralCharacteristics Presence of a Body Cavity • Coelom: fluid-filled body cavity with organs suspended inside • Developed from mesoderm • Presence of compartments also means nutrients and O2 may not be diffused to every cells • Coelomates: animals with a coelom. • Acoelomates: animals without a coelom (e.g. corals, jelly fish and flatworms)
Advantages of a Coelom acts as a cushion for internal organs provides more room for internal organs to expand allows animal to become larger allows digestive tract to develop specialized regions and formation of blood vessels
GeneralCharacteristics Segmentation • The division of the body into repetitive sections e.g. worms and scorpions • A single segment can be damaged, but the other segments can continue to function properly • Mobility is more effective because segments move independently Movement • Complex and fast movement • Some are sessile (stationary) as adults e.g. sponges and sea anemones. They live attached to one place such as the bottom of the ocean or a rock. • Sessile animals have a body form that can move during juvenile stages of development
Recall • Zygote: cell formed after an egg is fertilized by a sperm • Gametes: sex cells like eggs and sperms • Diploid: containing two copies of each chromosome (2n) • E.g. A human zygote contains 46 chromosomes • Haploid: containing half the usual # of chromosomes (n) • E.g. Human eggs and sperms are gametes each contains ? chromosomes
GeneralCharacteristics Master of Cloning: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7eRGHVx3p0 Reproduction • Sexually reproduction using gametes (haploid eggs and sperm meet to form a diploid zygote) • Internal (inside female body) or external (in aquatic environment) fertilization • Some animals switch between asexual and sexual modes, reserving sexual reproduction for when the conditions are tough Duck+ beaver + otter = platypus With shelled egg- bird, platypus Live birth- aphid, whale
Animal Evolution Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinoderm Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmentedworms insectsspiders starfish vertebrates backbone segmentation endoskeleton coelom body cavity bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity Ancestral Protist
Animal Diversity Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria
Porifera Sessile but living
Animal Diversity Platyhelminthes (flat worm) Nematoda (round worms) Annelida (segmented)
Platyhelminthes ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Planaria regeneration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXN_5SPBPtM Symmetry and cephalization observed in Planaria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0QzSYQGsnA
Nematoda C. elegans • Roundworm: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxL2qHBetvI • Guinea worm: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu3z7mRyLRc
Nematoda • Loa loa is a filarial nematode (roundworm) species • Lives in human eyes- “eyeworm” • Hosts can feel the worm moving in the eye and can see it floating in there if it’s big enough. • easily killed using antibiotics or is extracted through minor surgery, though it can live inside a human for up to 17 years. http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=67a_1341408640&comments=1&use_old_player=0
Annelida- segmented worm fan worm leech
Animal Diversity mollusca echinodermata
Mollusks http://www.ted.com/talks/david_gallo_shows_underwater_astonishments.html
Animal Diversity crustaceans arachnida insecta Diploda / chilopoda
Insecta • Most successful invertebrate • Parasites hijack host behaviourthe case of parasitic wasp and catepillar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs
Animal Diversity Tunicates + lancelets jawless fish cartilage fish bony fish amphibians reptilia aves mammalia
Sea Lamprey- jawless fish Parasitic eel-like creatures with suction-cup, bloodsucking mouths. Also an invasive species to the Great Lake ecosystem
Amphibians Gastric brooding frogs- now extinct
Disappearing of Froghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWHibAQ0Ssohttp://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/other/videos/the-vanishing-frog-with-jeff-corwin.htm 1. What proportion of amphibians are in trouble? - 30% 2. How long have amphibians been around? - 300 million years 3. What is the disease mentioned in the video that kills off amphibians? What is the cause of such disease? Chytrid disease caused by chytrid- an aquatic fungus that attacks frog’s skin. 4. What strategies have been done to increase frog number? • Treatment of frogs with antifungal drugs; captive breeding 5. Why should we be worried about frog’s disappearing? - their dual habitats (i.e. land and water) make them good indicators of healthy ecosystem; humans benefit from frog’s chemical; they are the link b/t terrestrial and aquatic food web
Birds- known for their feathers and …. Attitudes : Archaeopteryx Fossil record indicates birds and reptiles are closely related
14 panda babies artificially bred in China http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-24223721
The Worms Segmented worm Flatworm roundworm
The Worms bilateral bilateral bilateral
The Worms pseudocoelom (body cavity partially lined with mesoderm) Coelom (fluid filled space completely lined with mesoderm none
Body Cavity pseudocoelom coelom cavity ectoderm mesoderm endoderm acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm coelomate
The Worms 3 – ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm 3 – ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm 3 – ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
The Worms yes yes yes
The Worms One digestive opening (food and wastes through the same opening Separate anus and mouth Separate anus and mouth
The Worms Simple diffusion through gas exchange Yes – due to large size
The Worms Exhibit 2 forms of lifestyles: free-living and parasitic e.g. tapeworms Thin body wall and round shape minimize minimize outer surface area
The Worms Segments are identical - can increase in size without losing the capacity to transport materials and relay messages – segmentation improves movement / flexibility
Our evolutionary cousin http://youtu.be/G32YehcdUAw
Classification • Invertebrates • Animals without backbones • Occupy almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems • Have existed for hundreds of millions of years 2. Vertebrates • Phylum Chordata • Have a skull and a backbone that protects the nervous system (brain and spinal cord)