ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR (to 1963)

1. ORIGINS OF THE COLDWAR (to 1963) WORLD HISTORY Unit 10

2. THE COLD WAR • TheCold War was a state of tension and hostility among nations of differing governments, without armed conflict between the major rivals. • The major rivals were: UNITEDSTATESSOVIETUNION VS.

3. The United States and Soviet Union had emerged from WWII as superpowers- nations strong enough to influence the acts and policies of other nations • Both countries used their superpower status to compete for influence with new and/or struggling nations by offering them economic and military aid. They wanted these nations to develop their ideologies- system of thoughts or beliefs • Government- Democracy vs. Communism • Economic- Capitalism vs. Socialism

4. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: • Stalinwanted to spread communism and create a buffer zone of “friendly governments” as a defense against any possible future German attacks. • Stalininstalled communist governments in all areas his army controlled during and after World War II (in violation of his agreement at the Yalta Conference). • British Prime Minister Winston ChurchillandU.S. President Franklin Rooseveltdid not trust Stalinand did not want communism to spread. • The United Nations attempted to keep the peace, but it wound up being the arena for arguments. • Churchillreferred to the Sovietcontrol of Eastern Europe as an “iron curtain” dividing the continent. (This reference upset and angered bothStalinand the Sovietpeople.)

5. Iron Curtain Speech 1946 Fulton Missouri Statement clearly describing existing situation “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent."

6. Events of the 1940s that further contributed to the Cold War: • Concept of containment: • Western democracies wanted to limit communism to areas already under Sovietcontrol—to “contain” it from spreading! • Truman Doctrine (March 1947) • Plan put forth by President Truman to provide economic aid to Greece and Turkey (and any nation fighting internal or external forces of discord—aka communism) • Marshall Plan (June 1947) • plan offered by the U.S. to provide economic aid to help rebuild war ravaged countries in Europe (purpose was also to prevent communism/ communist influence from impacting these countries) • Approximately $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to W. Europe • The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid…Why?

7. Division of Germany: • Germany was divided into four sections following WWII, with theU.S.,France, Great Britain, and theSovietUnioneach overseeing a section. • TheSovietsmade their section communist and called itEast Germany. • The other three sections were made democratic and were united forming West Germany.

8. Disputes over Berlin: • Germany’s capital city of Berlin was divided into four sections , just as the country. • Berlin was located deep in the Sovietcontrolled section of Germany. • Stalindecided to cut off all supply routes into the democratic held areas of Berlin… No supplies could get to the people (called the Berlin Blockade) • This led to the around the clock airlifting of supplies into the democratic areas of Berlin by theU.S., France, and G.B. (called the Berlin Airlift) • This lasted almost a year, until theSovietslifted the blockade. • This blockade was frowned upon by the world community and hurt world perception of theSoviet Union.

9. Berlin Airlift Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, ’48 From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin. After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade.

10. Alliances: • Following WWII, the U.S., Canada, and nine western European nations formed a defense alliance calledNATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • The SovietUnion responded by forming an alliance with all their satellite nations known as the Warsaw Pact • Many nations choose to remain nonaligned, meaning they favored neither the side in the Cold War. • Their goal was to reduce world tensions and promote beneficial economic policies for developing nations.

11. COLD WAR MAP IN 1959

12. There were several “hot spots” around the world where communist and democratic ideologies clashed. • Communists under Mao Zedong won control of China in 1949 • The defeated nationalists (those who supported democracy) fled to the island of Taiwan and created their own independent country • To this day, China still does not recognize Taiwan as a country

13. Mao renamed the country the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Mao and the communists had won for several reasons: • The Nationalists had done most of the fighting against Japan during WWII • Mao had won great support among China’s huge peasant population • Many women backed Mao’s forces due to continued gender inequality in China • Mao’s armies simply outfought the Nationalist forces

14. 1949 – Fall of China

15. Meanwhile in the United States… • The Second Red Scare (period when many within the U.S. feared communists were seeking to control the government): Attempts to stop this included: • Loyalty Review Board—affected government employees • HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)—affected the media (mainly Hollywood) • Spy Cases: • Alger Hiss Case-govt. official accused of spying for the USSR • The Rosenberg Case-couple with ties to the Manhattan Project, accused of spying for the USSR. • USSR got an atomic bomb because of them

16. Arms race: • theU.S. andSovietUnionbegan building nuclear weapons at an alarming rate and quantity in an effort to have more, and better, weapons than the other • The CIA was formed to spy during the 1950s • MCCARTHYISM-Senator Joseph McCarthy’s accusation series of government officials, celebrities, and military commanders with ties to Communist espionage. • This proved to be a horribly negative time for America, as McCarthyism (unsubstantiated allegations) turned into a farcical “witch hunt” • Televised hearings brought it to an end as the people could see what a silly mess it all was

17. THE KOREAN PENINSULA • The Korean peninsula is located off the northeast corner of China and lies to the west/northwest of Japan. • In 1910, Japan annexed the Korean peninsula and imposed a very harsh rule there. Japan controlled the peninsula until their defeat in WWII. • Following the WWII, the United States and Soviet Union agreed to a temporary division of Korea at the 38th parallel. Each country oversaw a section of Korea (US-South & USSR-North).

18. MAP OF THE KOREAS 38TH PARALLEL

19. MAP OF THE FAR EAST (ASIA)

20. WORLD MAP

21. Two separate countries with competing government ideologies (communism vs. democracy) emerged • North Korea- This region (capital at Pyongyang) became a communist ally and was ruled by Kim Il Sung. • South Korea- This region (capital at Seoul) was backed by the U.S. who supported Syngman Rhee. • Both Korean leaders, ideally, wanted to end the division of their country and reunite as one. The hang-up, however, was which government to use.

22. LEADERS OF THE KOREAS North Korea’s Kim Il Sung South Korea’s Syngman Rhee

23. In early 1950, Kim Il Sung called for a “heroic struggle” to reunite Korea. The North Koreans then promptly invaded South Korea and soon had overrun most of the South—pushing the South Koreans back to the city of Pusan. • The United States quickly organized a United Nationssanctioned “U.N. force” (dominated by U.S. troops—approx. 90%) to assist the South Koreans. • This U.N. force was under the guidance of U.S. GeneralDouglas MacArthur.

24. U.S. GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR

25. General MacArthur and his U.N. forces landed behind enemy lines at Inchon, South Korea. • The fresh U.N. soldiers, with the element of surprise on their side, quickly overwhelmed the North Korean army and began driving them back north. • Soon the combined U.N. and South Korean forces had pushed the retreating North Korean army back across the 38th parallelinto North Korea, but they continued pushing the North Koreans back toward the Yalu River (border with China). • Chinese forces crossed the border and attacked MacArthur’s forces. (Mao claimed he didn’t want fighting in China.) • MacArthur’s men were pushed back to the 38th parallel before fighting reached a stalemate- neither side can gain an advantage.

26. THE KOREAN WAR

27. MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons against China and pressured President Truman to do so. Truman denied this request under the claim that we were looking to end a conflict, not start another. • MacArthur remained insistent on using nukes and even went so far as to make disrespectful comments about President Truman and his leadership abilities. • President Truman will relieve MacArthur from his duties as commander over this situation (aka “fired him”).

28. U.S. PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN

29. In 1953, both sides signed an armistice or an agreement to end fighting. No formal peace treaty was ever signed, but the armistice has held firm for over 55 years. • Presently, North Korea remains communist and South Korea is democratic. To this day, tension and potential hostility still exist between both sides.

30. America elected a new president in 1952, his name was… DWIGHT EISENHOWER

31. Under Eisenhower’s leadership, the Cold War changed. • Eisenhower added his own spin on Containment…it was called Brinkmanship (policy of threatening to go to the brink of war over any infraction). • “Hot Spots” flared up again in… • Egypt (1956) • Egyptian leader Gamel Abdel Nasser began a project to build the High Aswan Dam (and he got money from both the U.S. and Russia)—problems ensued • Hungary (1956) • Uprising against Soviet control was helped by U.S., but crushed by the Soviets • Guatemala (1954) • Soviets sought to bring communism to the country; the U.S. felt threatened and overthrew the government

32. Because of his fears of the spread of communism, Eisenhower is going to issue the Eisenhower Doctrine(the U.S. would defend the Middle East against any attack by a communist country) • He further felt that if one nation fell to communism, in a region, then others would also fall. This idea became known as the Domino Theory. • Another area of conflict between the two super-powers became known as the Space Race(competition to be the first country into space with satellites, humans, etc.).

33. The Space Race • The Soviets are the first to launch an artificial satellite into space (Sputnik) in October 1957. • The U.S. would follow suit shortly thereafter with a better satellite, but we were 2nd. • The impact in the U.S. was that folks began to seek solutions to America falling behind…they scapegoated the educational system. • More money was pumped into the teaching of math and science courses across the nation • The Soviets would put the first human into space (Yuri Gagarin) in April 1961. • Again, the Americans would answer shortly thereafter with Alan Shepard

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35. The Cold War in the 1960s • There was an election in the U.S. in 1960, and the victor was John F. Kennedy (JFK) • JFK put his spin on Containment by utilizing the policy of Flexible Response(preparing for a variety of military responses rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons as with Brinkmanship). • The first “hot spot” under JFK’s tenure was in Cuba. • A revolution, led by Fidel Castro, had overthrown the U.S.-supported dictator, Fulgencio Batista. • Many Cubans fled the nation, but the U.S. sought to help Castro (until we found out the Soviets were too)

36. Cuba • The U.S. couldn’t allow a communist nation so close to it, so the CIA trained Cuban-exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro…this was known as the Bay of Pigs invasion (1961). • The Cubans were prepared, and the Americans were terribly embarrassed. • Things would quiet down between the two/three nations until the following year when… • American U-2 spy planes snapped pictures of what were believed to be Russian nuclear missiles in Cuba • The U.S. quarantined the island • JFK prepared Americans for a war/attack • Eventually, Krushchev and JFK came to an agreement to end the standoff—which was very stressful

37. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS!THE MEN INVOLVED:Kennedy Castro Khrushchev

38. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS!IMAGES AND PHOTOS

39. Both Kennedy and Khrushchev realized the gravity of their decisions and the potential for nuclear war. So in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, (and in an effort to work better together), they did two things: • Hot line- direct phone line was established between the White House and Kremlin (office of the Soviet Union’s ruler) instantly connecting leaders if need be • Limited Test Ban Treaty- barred either country from doing any nuclear weapon testing in the atmosphere

40. Another source of tension between the two nations was Berlin. • Many East Berliners were sneaking into West Berlin. There were two main reasons for this: • Achieve better economic opportunities • Escape communism • In response to the exodus, East Germany built a wall (starting in 1961) around West Berlin preventing restricting people’s movement. • Wall was 15’ tall and 103 miles long; complete with barbed wire and armed guards • Became known simply as the Berlin Wall.

41. 1961 - Berlin Wall

42. The Berlin Wall became a huge embarrassment for the Soviet Union, for several reasons: • It showed that many people did not like communism as a governmental system. • It showed the world that the Soviet Union (communists) forcibly restrained and prevented people from leaving the communist region of East Berlin.