The Cloning of DNA…

1. By:Emma The Cloning of DNA…

2. How does cloning work? • Cloning takes a process of steps…which happens quite frequently in nature. Reproduction on certain animals & the development of twins from A single egg. Egg or embryo. • http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-cloning/

3. Picture of sheep cloning • The next page shows a picture/diagram of a sheep cloning process. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-cloning/

4. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-cloning/

5. How did people find out about cloning? • Scientists have been attempting to clone animals for a very long time. Many of the early tries came to nothing. The first fairly successful results in animal cloning were seen when tadpoles were cloned from frog embryonic cells. This was done by the process of nuclear transfer. The tadpoles so created did not survive to grown into mature frogs, but it was a major breakthrough nevertheless. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/animal-cloning/

6. Cloning the Dead. • http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/6365-cloning-the-dead-video.htm • This video shows that it may someday be possible to bring back a de-ceased loved one.

7. Many animals have been cloned such as… • A bull, carp, cats, cattle, deer, dog, ferret, frog, fruit flies, goat, horse, mice, mule, pig, rabbit, rat, • types of monkeys ,sheep , water buffalo and the wolf. • http://www.buzzel.com/articals/animal-cloning/

8. Future cloning • For a few hundred years, scientists have tried to protect endangered species.  Why not just clone them?  Want to bring back the dinosaurs?  Clone them.  The process of copying an animal could indeed do miracles. http://www.buzzle.com/

9. Scientists have accelerated more into the world of animal cloning.  Since Dolly, the first cloned mammal, was created, scientists have cloned many more of the mammalian species, such as cats, horses, pigs, cows, and a big supply of rodents. But where is it going?

10. Scientists plan on rooting out the diseases of the Donor animal by using DNA transfer techniques.  Using these techniques they also plan on making better meat and food carried by livestock and other animals such as pigs and sheep.  The fur will also be enhanced.

11. The same technique will be used to purify the proteins in medicines and therefore help ones struggling with a mortal disease.  Scientists will do this by biologically engineering the proteins then export them globally. 

12. Is it right to clone a human? • Surveys have shown that few Americans approve ofcloning for reproductive purposes, although more are open to therapeutic cloning [source:Burton]. The U.S. government has established strategic roadblocks related to human cloning, although no federal ban exists. First, the government won't fund research focused on human cloning for reproduction. Also, the FDA, which regulates public cloning research, requires anyone in the United States attempting to clone humans to first get its permission. President George W. Bush's appointed Council on Bioethics unanimously opposed cloning for reproductive purposes. • http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/genetic/human-cloning3.htm

13. Cloning humans. • Grow the human cells to be cloned until you have a good supply. • Transfer the cells to minimal media. [For now, The Sheep Cloning Paper is a good reference for exactly how long.] This should allow the cells to live, but they should stop dividing and enter quiescence. This is likely the step in which the cells lose their differentiation, and revert to a more totipotent state. • When the cultured cells are in the quiescent state, get an unfertilized human egg cell. Remove the nucleus from this egg cell. Try to minimize damage done to this cell and discard the nucleus. • Take one of the quiescent cells in it's entirely, and implant it inside the coat around the egg,next to the egg itself. • roshock the egg. [For now, The Sheep Cloning Paper is probably a good reference for how much and how long to electroshock.] The electroshock induces the fusion of the two cells, so you should be able to tell when you've electroshocked enough just by looking at the cells. The rebooting of the human genetic program is believed to be initiated by the replacement of donor cell protien signals by egg cell protien signals, but the electroshock might assist in moving those protien signals across the nuclear membrane as well. Electroporation is a common technique for moving DNA molecules through a cellular membrane.

14. Would it be OK clone a prehistoric animal? • It may now be possible to bring back extinct species by cloning dead specimens, and growing them in the wombs of similar or related animals. • . • Not long ago, the idea of cloning extinct animals sounded like science fiction. Films like Jurassic Park, made it seem plausible, but science was far behind the special effects, and the only rebuilt Dinosaur species existed on the movie screen. But now advances in cloning technology promise to turn science fiction into reality and make it possible to clone extinct animals such as mammoths or even, one day, dinosaurs.

15. Cloning farm plants. • Diligent research and biotechnology have again scored another amazing feat. Researchers at USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Wood-ward, OK, along with Russian scientists, have patented a hybrid between corn and its distant relative, eastern Gamagrass,which can naturally clone itself. The development of the hybrid should eventually lead to hybrid corn lines that reproduce themselves without loss in hybrid vigor, disease resistance or favorable agronomic attributes. http://www.all-creatures.org/articles/ar-cloningfarm.html

16. How is cloning used with farm animals? • In a single year in the United States, 10 billion land animals are raised and killed for meat, eggs, and milk 1 million slaughtered every hour. As if those staggering statistics aren’t overwhelming enough, countless more farm animals may soon suffer from government-sanctioned cloning. Late last year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released its draft risk assessment on the safety of animal cloning and attested to the safety of consuming meat http://www.all-creatures.org/articles/ar-cloningfarm.htmland milk from cloned adult cattle, pigs, goats, and their offspring. http://www.all-creatures.org/articles/ar-cloningfarm.html

17. Who 1st invented cloning? •         The first cloned animals were created by Hans Dreisch in the late 1800's.  Dreich's original goal was not to create identical animals, but to prove that genetic material is not lost during cell division.  Dreich's experiments involved sea urchins, which he picked because they have large embryo cells, and grow independently of their mothers.  Dreich took a 2 celled embryo of a sea urchin and shook it in a beaker full of sea water until the two cells separated.  Each grew independently, and formed a separate, whole sea urchin.         In 1902, another scientist, embryologist Hans Spemman, used a hair from his infant son as a knife to separate a 2-celled embryo of a salamander, which also grow externally.  He later separated a single cell from a 16-celled embryo.  In these experiments, both the large and the small embryos developed into identical adult salamanders.  Spemman went on to propose what he called a "fantastical experiment" -- to remove the genetic material from an adult cell, and use it to grow another adult.  In this way, he theorized, he would be able to prove that no genetic material was lost as cells grew and divided.

18. Cloning Today •        Cloning is being advanced upon very quickly by the Pharmaceutical industry as well as a lot of university labs. Some biotechnology companies have already perfected a way to clone live stock which is good news for any farmers reading this page. These clones have the capability to give nutritional milk and meat. Cloning is already being utilized by such companies as GenzymeTransgenics, Gene Pharming, and PPL Therapeutics to reproduce genetically identical animals to produce nutrients. Many types of useful mammals have already been successfully cloned, such as, horses, pigs, rabbits, cats, cows, and sheep. Others are working on making cloning a more applicable process so that an average person will be able to do anything from producing genetically superior animals to saving endangered species of animals. •  http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01880/cloning_today.htm

19. My opinion!!! • I think cloning plants and animals is ok, but humans is a different story. That should be illegal. Just as cloning the dead too, if God wanted us to come back to life and not die then he would have given us eternal life. So that’s my opinion to cloning humans, plants, and animals. -Emma M.