The New South

1. The New South Chapters 15 & 16 Bourbon Triumvirate; Henry Grady; Tom Watson & The Populists; Rebecca Latimer Felton; 1906 Atlanta Race Riot; Leo Frank; Plessy V. Ferguson; Jim Crow Laws; Disfranchisement; Booker T. Washington; W.E.B. Dubois; Alonzo Herndon

2. Redeemers Gain Control Redeemers – Democrats in GA who worked to undo the changes imposed during the Reconstruction. This meant restoring Democrats to public office and making clear that control of society should be in the hands of the white race (white supremacy)

3. 1877 State Constitution Most restrictive constitution in GA history because… It made it impossible for the state to borrow money. Tax money could be spent only for purposes spelled out in the constitution. Terms of office for Governor and state Senators were limited from 4 years to 2 years.

4. Bourbon Triumvirate Southern Democrats who believed the South’s prosperity depended on industry not cotton. Did not want any other social or political change. The three served as Senators and Governor from 1872-1890

5. Make the state more self sufficient; a push toward industry. • Attracting investors from the north to build factories and mills in GA. • Farmers needed to diversify their crops; less cotton, more foods and grains. • Grains were bought from other states, so less money leaving the state. The Bourbon Triumvirate The Four Goals for the South

6. Alfred Colquitt The Bourbon Triumvirate John B. Gordon Joseph E. Brown

7. Four Political Parties of the New South Independent Movement 1870's Farmer’s Alliance 1890’s A campaign to help the farmer. Dr. Felton was a 3 time US Congressman. Mrs. Felton gave speeches, wrote articles and sent letters to the newspapers about the injustices that farmers and other “little people” were suffering. Wanted better schools & roads and changes in state tax laws to ease the burden of the farmers. Fought for laws requiring railroads to post their rates in the railroad stations and charge the same rater per mile for all shippers.

8. Tom Watson & Populists • Was against the New South and represented the farmers in GA. • Did not want Northern investors to get rich at the hands of GA farmers. • The Populist Party was a national party that supported the farmers.

9. Wanted to keep GA a one party state. Opposed any law that would promote social equality of the races. Legislating moral behavior, improving education, and helping those in need. Progressive Democrats

10. Democrats in Power Georgia became a one-party state after Reconstruction was over. Carpetbaggers, scalawags, and black leaders lost their power as white conservatives regained their former positions of power. Democrats regained control of state government. Georgia has had a Democratic governor since 1871, with the exception of the current Governor, Sonny Perdue.

11. Disfranchisement Taking away the right to vote. Jim Crow Laws (poll tax & grandfather clause) contributed to the disfranchisement of African American men in the south.

12. Voting Restrictions “Good character & citizen clause” According to the county registrar, those who were of “good character” and understood the “duties of citizenship”; usually applied this rule to illiterate whites but not blacks. Property Exemptions If you owned at least 40 acres of land or had other taxable property worth at least $500; few blacks owned this much land or taxable property. Grandfather Clause Could exempt if you were the descendent of a Union or Confederate veteran; mostly applied to white Georgians whose grandfathers were Civil War veterans.

13. Jim Crow Laws Laws that restricted behavior of African Americans and kept them separated from whites socially and politically. Jim Crow was the creation of a minstrel show performer. He is not a real person.

14. Jim Crow Laws Purpose – To limit interaction between the races. Examples - GA’s first Jim Crow Law required railroads to provide separate passenger cars for blacks and whites.

15. Plessy v Ferguson • 1896 Supreme Court case. • “Separate but Equal” • It is legal to have separate facilities for blacks and whites, as long as they are equal. • Facilities were never equal.

17. Other Social Issues of the New South Child Labor Prison Reform Children often worked 10 – 15 hour days in factories. There were NO laws governing the treatment of children. Poor treatment of prisoners. Chain gangs made famous throughout the country due to GA’s chain gangs.

18. Other Social Issues of the New South Prohibition Women’s Suffrage The 18th Amendment outlawed alcoholic beverages for the whole country in 1917. Suffrage means the right to vote. Women were not given the right to vote until the 19th amendment to the US Constitution in 1919.

19. The County Unit System • What is it? • A special formula for counting votes in the primary elections of the Democratic Party. • It was using in Governor & Senator Races. • 8 largest counties got 6 votes each • 30 next largest counties got 4 votes each • 121 counties got 2 votes each. 1940 Fulton – 392,886 residents (6 votes) Quitman, Echols, Towns, Long, Glascock, & Dawson – 23,966 residents (12 votes) The supreme court ruled that it violated the 14th Amendment in 1962.

20. The County Unit System Defenders Opponents This system protected the rural counties from being controlled by the large cities – Such as Atlanta. The system violated the voting rights of Georgians who lived in urban counties. Many African Americans lived in the urban city counties to work in factories.

21. Henry Grady One of the most important New South figures. Was the editor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution. Traveled to the North to urge them to invest in the South.

22. Industrialize Georgia Henry Grady – Why rely on other states to buy products when our state has the same natural resources. Ex. Marble Headstone & Pine Coffin 1860 – 15,000 workers & less than $20 million dollars in goods produced 1910 – 105,000 workers & Approx. $210 million dollars in goods produced Great Cotton Exhibitions – An attempt to get northern investors to either finance or own Cotton Mills in GA.

23. Farming in GA Tenant Farming Sharecropping Landowner furnished the land Tenant furnished the supplies and seed Owner received either cash or a portion of the crop. The tenant received the rest of the profit or crop The landowner furnished the seed, house, land, plows, mules, etc. The tenant furnished the labor The land owner received a share of the crop. The tenant received a place to live and enough crops to survive on and make a small earnings.

24. Auburn Avenue Social & Commercial center in Atlanta for African Americans Known throughout the United states as a center for African Americans

25. Rich’s Department Store Opened in 1867 Morris Rich An immigrant from Hungary. Goes into business with his brothers. Spreads throughout the Southeast as a major department store

26. Coca-Cola Company Developed in 1866 by John Pemberton to help get rid of headaches. By 1895 it was sold in every state within the United States It was sold and Robert W. Woodruff became president in 1923. Before WWII started Coke was already an international product

27. Booker T. Washington A black educator Told black Americans in a speech to accept racial segregation and forget about social equality for the time being. He encouraged blacks to learn a trade and their privileges would come from that given trade

28. W.E.B Dubois Born in 1868 in Mass. First African American student to earn a Dr. of Philosophy at Harvard University Organized the Niagara movement to do away with Jim Crow Laws Founder of the NAACP organization

29. Rebecca Latimer Felton • First Female Senator • Senator Tom Watson Died and Gov. Hardwick appointed Felton to take his seat temporarily. • She only served two days.

30. 1906 Atlanta Riot Tension between whites and blacks over voting and competition for jobs. Unsubstantiated reports of violence by black men towards white women. 3 days of violence and dozens of people were killed.

31. 1906 Atlanta Riot

32. Leo Frank Case Jewish factory owner is tried for the murder of a 14 year old girl. Convicted although evidence was circumstantial Convicted to hang, but sentence was reduced to life. Mob lynched him

33. Booker T. Washington • Established Tuskegee Institute • Stressed technical training and agriculture • Told blacks to accept social segregation, learn a skill, eventually equality would come.

34. W.E.B. Dubois First African American to earn a PHD from Harvard. Niagara movement- 1st national effort to end Jim Crow laws. Co-founded the NAACP, which worked for racial equality.

35. Alonzo Herndon Former slave who worked as a barber and then started Atlanta Life Insurance Company. Company was worth over 1 million dollars at the time of his death.