Arab 650 CE – 1800 CE

1. By: Kevin Vohra, Omar Mahmoud, Avi Ahuja Arab650 CE – 1800 CE

2. Maps of Islam in Arabic Culture A Map of the Arabic World A map of Islam in the Arabic World. A Map of Islam in the Arabic World Global map of Islam

3. Examples of Islamic influence in Arabic literature. The Arabic version of One Thousand and One Nights The Arabic Alphabet. The Qur'an was the one of the first major works of Arabic literature and one of the most influential.

4. Islamic influence in Arabic Art Detail of the "Baptistère de Saint-Louis." Tin-glazed lust ware was popular in Spain. Pyxis of al-Mughira, Madinat al-Zahra, 968, today in the Louvre.

5. Chronology • 670- Arabs make Damascus as the capital of Umayyad capital which made it the center of the Middle East. • 674- On the Temple Mount in Jerusalem the Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim Shrine • 700- Non-Arabs are now allowed to convert to Islam and the reason is because there is a depletion in Muslim armies

6. Chronology Cont. • 711- Muslim Arabs go to Spain from North Africa making the Visigoths from Toledo leave their area. • 720- The Arabs conquer Narbonne • 725- The Arabs conquer Carcassonne • 732- Muslim advance to France is stopped when Charles Martel (Charles “The Hammer”) defeats the Arabs at the battle of Tours. • 737- Provence is captured by the Arabs

7. Chronology Cont. • 750- Abbasids attack the Umayyad's in the Demascus and they form a new caliphate • 751- The Arabs score a key victory at the Talas River against the Chinese • 752- The Franks get rid of the Arabs in Provence • 756- Last member of the Umayyad Dynasty flees back to Spain • 762- Abbasid caliph creates Baghdad as the new capital

8. Chronology Cont. • 800- Arab merchants travel to China. • 822- Abd al Raham II becomes Arab emir of Spain and starts working on the Alcazar of Sevilla • 827- Arab Tribe called Saracens invade Sicily • 878- Arabs take over Italy and make Parlemo their capital • 880- Egypt is taken by the Turks and the Abbasids are kicked out

9. Chronology Cont. • 910- Ubaydullah who is a descendent of Ali and Fatima conquers Tunisia and forms the Fatamid dynasty • 912- Abd Rahaman III who is the ruler of Spain declares Spain independent • 973- Fatamids move their capital to Cairo • 1031- Umayyad caliphate falls and Muslim Spain splits into Taifa Kingdoms

10. Chronology Cont. • 1092- Hasan ibn al-Sabbah dies and Seliuq empire becomes independent kingdoms in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia • 1144- Edessa is taken over by the Muslims • 1301- Osman founds the Ottoman dynasty • 1326- Ottomans take Bursa as their capital • 1393- Ottomans conquer Constantinople under Bayazid I. • 1413- Temur empires collapse and the Ottomans take back their old territory

11. Chronology Cont. • 1465- There is an Arab riot and they massacre more than 1,000 Jews • 1526- Hungary Empire is defeated by the Ottomans and is partitioned between by Ottomans and Hapsburgs • 1665- Sabbatai Sevi is forced to convert to Islam by Ottomans even though he is seen as the Messiah by the Jews in Palestine • 1682- Beginning of 100 year war between Ottomans and Hapsburgs • 1729- First book published in Ottoman empire which is also the first book every published in Muslim empire

12. Regional Impact: Spain

13. Regional Impact: North Africa

14. Regional Impact: sub-Saharan Africa

15. Comparison • The spread of Islam had various impacts on North Africa and Spain; however, both resulted in Islamic Caliphates and leaders taking control as well as the spread of Arabic culture throughout both regions. Muslims had control in Spain during the 8th century which allowed them to practice their faith freely, and over time allowed them to gain religious tolerance over Christians and Jews. Islam was introduced to Africa during the 600s and rapidly spread through Northern Africa and after a few centuries later, Almost the entire population of Northern Africa was converted to Islam. In North Africa, the leader or Caliphate was also Muslim (Shiite). • Islam allowed for Arabic culture to spread throughout both regions and beyond. In Spain as Muslims rose to power, they could freely spread their culture throughout Spain. Several hundreds of Mosques were built by the 10th century along with numerous madrasas or Islamic schools and Libraries. Islamic art and architecture was also portrayed under their rule over Spain. In North Africa as Islam spread through Africa so did Arabic culture. The Islamic golden age also bought advancements in literature, law, philosophy, science, and sociology. Arabic culture dominated North Africa. For example, music was introduced specifically in the drums. Although both Spain and North Africa were different regions, Arabic culture managed to spread rapidly throughout both regions along with the spread of Islam.

16. Change Over Time • At the beginning the Arabs are starting to set up their areas and conquer more land while spreading their religion of Islam • Most of Spain is captured by the Spain's and when they try to go deeper into the middle of Europe they kept on getting kicked out. • The different Empires start to be broken up into and other new empires like the Ottomans rise up into power. • Not really much change in how the Ottomans take power mostly by force and conquering • Islam is mainly spread in the middle east and North Africa and these regions have heavy concentrations of Muslims

17. Uses in the Modern World • The development of Arab media today was between the ideological wars between capitalism and communism. • The Arabic language can now be classified into three distinct groups: Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and Colloquial language. • Classical Arabic is language of the Qur’an and this is only used for religious purposes.MSA is a version of the classical language but it has been influenced by foreign languages. This is used as the universal language of the Arab world. Colloquial language varies from each country. • The majority of Arabs in the world are Muslims.

18. Uses in the Modern World • The Arab world is full of rich and diverse communites, groups, and cultures. • Today Sunni Islam dominated most of North Africa. Shia Islam is dominant in southern Iraq, Bahrain, and Lebanon. • The Arabic language has various dialects. These vary between the countries. • Most Muslims don’t speak Arabic. Instead they only know a few fixed phrases for Islamic prayer. • Iraq is the only democracy in the Arab World. • Arabic literature is produced in prose and poetry by speakers of the Arabic language.

19. Work Divisions • Kevin Vohra: Pictures and Uses in the Modern World. • Avi Ahuja: Chronology and Change Over Time. • Omar Mahmoud: PIRATES and Comparison.