European Nationalism 1800-1900

1. European Nationalism1800-1900

2. 1789 Europe

3. 1810 Map

4. 1815 Map

5. Ideology • Conservative/Reactionary • Liberal/Radical • Moderate • Nationalism • Socialism • Feminism

6. The Congress of Vienna • Negotiators • Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria • Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France • Metternich • Distrusted democracy and political change - Restore order and stability • Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power • Goals for Other Decision Makers • Make sure France could not rise again to such power • Put down revolution wherever it might appear • Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule

7. Redrawing the Map • National borders • Congress changed many borders • Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France • New Countries • Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands • Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation • Process • Countries that aided France lost territory • Countries that fought France gained territory • France’s loss • Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory • Boundaries back to 1792 • Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages

8. Restoring Monarchies • Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries. • Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily. • Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia. • Metternich’s Influence • His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society. • Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press. • Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy.

11. Events/Ideas to Remember • End of Napoleon/Napoleonic Europe • Congress of Vienna • Metternich • Conservatism vs. Liberalism • Balance of Power • Key Countries: GB, Ottoman Empire, France, Piedmont-Sardinia . . . . and soon, Russia

12. 1848 Revolutions • A universal upheaval that, with the exceptions of Russia and England, affected the entire continent • France—February 1848 • Revolution provoked by the government’s refusal to grant voting rights to people below the wealthier classes • Violence and rioting in the streets of Paris force the abdication of Louis Philippe • A largely conservative Constituent Assembly elected by universal male suffrage • Conflict between the government(liberals) and Parisian radicals / socialists

13. Revolutions of 1848--France • Working class men of the workshops attacked the Constituent Assembly, declared its dissolution, and established yet another provisional government • Assembly quickly restored by the National Guard militia • Workshops closed, class war ensues • “June Days” of 1848 • Three days of violence and bloodshed consume Paris • Emergence of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

14. 1848 Revolutions Elsewhere • Austrian Empire in 1848 • Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, parts of Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Italy • Vienna’ s authority and political leadership • The March Days of 1848 • Inspired by the February events in France, revolution swept through the Austrian empire and through all Italy and Germany • Metternich forced to step down • Austria grants Hungary autonomy as war rages in Italy and Germany prepared for unification • Demands for liberal concessions and national freedom

16. 1848 Revolutions Elsewhere • The German States • German liberals longed for a unified German state under a constitution • 30+ states of the German Confederation were the primary obstacle to unification • Two largest states were the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia • Establishment of the Zollverein set the tone for greater union • Situation in Berlin • Prussian liberals called for reform by petitioning King Frederick William IV in 1848 • Frederick agreed to grant Prussians a constitution and to merge Prussia into a German state • Question of how democratic and socialist the new government should be • Middle class conservatives able to convince Frederick (Money)

17. 1848 Revolutions Elsewhere • The National Assembly at Frankfurt • Represented the liberal and nationalist aspirations of many Germans but, unlike the French National Assembly of 1789, had no real political authority, nor was it like many of the social revolutionaries occurring elsewhere on the continent • Its members consisted mostly of professional people who feared the working classes as much as or more than they feared the political powers of kings and Prussian aristocrats • Questions of territory • What constitutes “Germany”? • ‘Great Germans’ versus ‘Little Germans’ • Reliance on Austrian and Prussian armies

18. Crimean War Begins • Key Events: 1853-54 • Russia defeated Turkish fleet (fall 1853) • Russia occupies Ottoman territories of Moldavia and Wallachia

19. Key Events • Britain, France, Sardinia (Allies) declare war on Russia • Austria neutral (but may enter war with Allies)

20. Peace • 1856: Treaty of Paris • Allies: Victory

21. Treaty of Paris 1856 • Made Black Sea neutral territory • No more warships or forts allowed • Reduced Russian influence in region • Russian claim to protectorship in Palestine was rejected. Russia retreats from Holy Land. • Russia loses influence over Serbia

22. Characteristics of the Crimean War • First well publicized war • Railroads and telegraph to aid war effort • Photographed • Battlefield nurses, ambulances

23. Florence Nightingale • Divine calling • Criticized Victorian ideal of an educated, but helpless, woman • Created a profession out of a un-respected occupation • Nurses were typically cooks and even prostitutes who followed armies • No training

24. Italian Unification

25. Risorgimento • "Resurgence” • Political and social protest • Active between 1815 and Unification in 1860

26. Obstacles to Italian Unity • Historically, battleground for foreign and local princes • France (1494 – Charles VII) • Austria (Peace of Utrecht 1713) • Napoleon (1799-1815) • Frequent warfare emphasized local allegiances • Age of Napoleon, romanticism create desire for national unity and security against foreigners • But . . . Congress of Vienna • Gives Austria N. Italy • French prince given Napoli and Sicily

27. Secret Societies • Carbonari formed about 1820 • Patriotic and liberal • Key figures in early years of nationalism • Young Italy:“One Italy, free and independent” • Organized by Mazzini • Organization • Scattered cells • Initiation rituals – “Skulls”

28. Key Figures • Count Emilio Cavour: “the brain of unification” • Mazzini: the “soul” • Garibaldi the "sword"

29. Giuseppe Mazzini: Writer and politician. Believed revolution would lead to unification. 1830: member of Carbonari 1831: organized a new political society called Giovane Italia(Young Italy) No King. Italy must be a democratic republic.

30. Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont • “Buffer state” • Industrialization by 1830 • But . . .Political instability • 1848 – 1st Italian War for Independence – Loss to Austria • Vittorio Emmanuel = King in 1850 • Liberal prime minister, Emilio Cavour • S-P enters Crimean War to gain status

31. Count Emilio di Cavour • Hated the idea of a united Italy, but hated Austrian control more. • 2nd Italian War for Independence • - 1859: Cavour persuaded Napoleon III(Assassination attempt) to protect Sardinia “if” Austria were to attack - Nice and Savoy • - Austria does attack • - France declares war against Austria. • - Austrians surrender to France.  Napoleon allows Sardinia to annex Lombardy. 1859/1860: all northern states voted to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. After 1860, France controls only Rome (at the request of the Pope).

32. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily

33. Giuseppe Garibaldi 1833: Joined Mazzini's “Young Italy” Fought for Sardinian independence in 1854. Fought in South America Wanted independence for the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Accepted help from Cavour.

34. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts • 1860: defeated the Bourbon king of Sicily

35. Garibaldi’s Gift to Italy • “Dictator of Sicily” • Died in 1882 • Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln: "Posterity will call you the great emancipator, a more enviable title than any crown could be, and greater than any merely mundane treasure.” • Only Venetia and Rome remain independent

36. Map of the 19th Century Unification of Italy

37. Who Should Rule “Italy”? With the revolutionary climate of Europe, Italy should be a constitutional monarchy. Vittorio Emmanuel is the strongest ruler within Italy.

38. Benefits for Italy of the Austro-Prussian War 1866 • 3rd Italian war for Independence • Austria loses control of Venetia • Venetia annexed to Italy

39. 1870 • Rome remained independent. • When France loses the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, France must withdraw troops (protecting the Pope in Rome) • Rome is ceded to Italy. The Right Leg in the Boot at Last!! Garibaldi: “If it won't go on Sire, try a little powder . . as in GUNpowder”

40. Problems Facing Italy • Legacy of independent states • Regional differences • North: cultural heritage, economic prospects, more cities, educated • South: agricultural, rural, illiterate peasants • Italy vs Catholic Church • Church governs Vatican • Non-cooperation with new leaders of Italy

41. German UnificationThe era of Bismarck

42. Flag of Prussia. Otto von Bismarck, a prince of Prussia, led the movement to unite all Germans.

43. Boundaries within Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815), featuring a strong (and large) Prussia. The Austrian Empire is also large.

44. Key People • Kaiser Wilhelm I • Otto von Bismarck • Iron Chancellor • “Blood and Iron” • Realpolitik

45. Zollverein • 1830s: Trade union (Ended after unification) • Removed tariff barriers between German states • Austria purposefully excluded from beginning • Bismarck continued penalties against Austria

46. Rivalry between Prussia and Austria • Rivals for German leadership • Much in common: • German language • Traditions, customs similar • But . . . Some differences • Prussia: mostly Protestant, militaristic, economically strong • Austria: Catholic, weaker leadership, weakened economy from fighting wars

47. Bismarck as Chancellor • Bismarck Rap • Appointed by King Wilhelm I in 1862 • Not a Nationalist • First loyalty was to ruling family • Enlarged the army to support his plan • Support of Junkers, industrialists, landowners

48. Bismarck’s Philosophy: Realpolitik • Politics based on practical (realistic) needs, not moral issues. • In other words, the ideals of the Enlightenment would be ignored. • Instead, Bismarck felt that people needed a strong government. • The government will use whatever economic or military methods necessary to increase its power.

49. How Bismarck created Germany

50. "By blood and Iron" OTTO VON BISMARCK used this phrase to describe the method by which a unified German state would be created. Compromise and discussion had failed. Bismarck knew that Germany could be created only through war . . . and with a strong leader.