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The Age of Exploration: 1400-1800

The Age of Exploration: 1400-1800. The Historical Setting for Exploration. Europe wanted trade: overland routes expensive Limited previous contact with the Americas had occurred: Vikings Marco Polo had reached China. Vikings. Renaissance Ideas That Influenced Exploration.

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The Age of Exploration: 1400-1800

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  1. The Age of Exploration: 1400-1800

  2. The Historical Setting for Exploration • Europe wanted trade: overland routes expensive • Limited previous contact with the Americas had occurred: Vikings • Marco Polo had reached China Vikings

  3. Renaissance Ideas That Influenced Exploration • Most educated men believed that the world was round • There were stories of other lands, but they were not focused on the Western Hemisphere

  4. Economic Developments • Trade routes expanded: Italians traded with Asia then sold to the northern Europeans • Europeans wanted: spices(cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg) • The development of banking The Royal Exchange, London

  5. New TechnologyShips • Caravels • round hulled, carry heavy arms, smaller • Ship technology • rudder, triangular sails • Armaments • gunpowder/ cannons on ships to protect/conquer

  6. New TechnologyNavigation • Astrolabe • Calculate latitude • Compass • Determine direction • Practical knowledge of winds and currents Astrolabe

  7. Cartography Early and Medieval Maps Ptolemaic map Jerusalem maps Mappa Mundi

  8. Late Medieval and Renaissance Cartography Portolan map Fra Mauro’s map

  9. Cartography and Projection • Projection: how project a round object on a flat map? Mercator map of Europe, 16th century

  10. Motives for Exploration SEARCH FOR RESOURCES AND LAND Land for Sugar Oceanic resources Land resources like fish, whales like timber Land for wheat

  11. Motives for Exploration MISSIONARY ACTIVITY

  12. Motives for Exploration National: make country more powerful and rich GLORY Personal: fame, money and power Columbus lands in America

  13. In Summary: Why Explore? And Because they Can Technology Compass, astrolabe, ships maps Weapons Medical knowledge • God • Missionary work • Gold • Money to be made • Trade • Glory • Competition • Fame/riches

  14. Early Endeavors: The Portuguese • The Portuguese began the era of European exploration • The Portuguese were dependent on the seas • Ocean access helped Portugal • Connected northern Europe to Italy

  15. Prince Henry the Navigator(1394–1460) • Son of the king of Portugal • Had been a crusader in northern Africa, saw wealth/goods there • Investigated possible trade opportunities in Africa(gold, silver) • Established navigational school: map makers, sailors, etc • Motivation: wealth and religion

  16. Early Portuguese Exploration:Africa • West African coast: looking for route to India • Trade developed: gold, slaves, spices Portuguese fort on the African coast

  17. Bartolomeu Dias • Traveled the coast of Africa • Around the tip of southern Africa in 1488 • Returned to Portugal Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope

  18. Vasco da Gama • 1498, sailed for India • Reached India • Sea route Da Gama in India Portrait of da Gama

  19. The Portuguese Empire in the East • Largest European empire in Asia • Opened/controlled trade in India, Japan, East Indies, Spice Islands • Eventually lost control of their trade empire • Other countries started to trade Da Gama landing in Calcutta

  20. Portugal Japan East Indies Spice Islands India

  21. Other Traders in the East • Established East India Companies • The English, French, and Dutch established trade Dutch settlement in Java, 1665

  22. Afonso d’Albuquerque • 16th-century commander • Seized control of several critical ports • Difficult to secure full control over the area • First governor general in India

  23. The Collapse of the Portuguese Empire • Control over the empire weakened • Portugal taken over in 1580 • Japan adopted a policy of isolationism • Other European countries seized Portuguese interests throughout Asia Jesuits in Japan

  24. The Spanish Empire in Asia • Did not focus on Asian markets • Established a colony in the Philippines A Spanish galleon

  25. Northern Europeans in Asia • Latecomers to Asia • Established East India Companies • The English, French, and Dutch 18th-century French map of Southeast Asia

  26. The Dutch and Java • Wanted Asian port • Jan Pieterszoon Coen established a trading monopoly in Java (Indonesia) • Direct and indirect rule Dutch settlement in Java, 1665

  27. Discovering a New World? • Empires in the New World—the result of a mistake

  28. Christopher Columbus • Italian navigator • Sought patron($$) for his exploration idea • Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella paid • Sail West to get to East Indies • Sailed with 3 boats in 1492

  29. Columbus’s Journey • Sailed west for about 2 months • Found land in the Caribbean • Believed he was in Asia • Discovered Hispaniola and Cuba

  30. Columbus’s Subsequent Journeys • 2nd journey • Puerto Rico and Jamaica discovered • 3rd and 4th trips explored South America and Central America

  31. Amerigo Vespucci • Geographer who wrote notes about land they found • New World named in his honor on a map in 1507

  32. Portuguese and Spanish Explorers in the New World: • Pedro Alvares Cabral: 1500 • Claimed Brazil for Portugal: sugar plantations • Vasco Nunez da Balboa: 1510 • Crossed Panama, saw Pacific Ocean Balboa sighting the Pacific Ocean

  33. Ferdinand Magellan • Explored the coast of South America • Entered Pacific Ocean Magellan’s route

  34. Magellan • Difficult Pacific journey • Scurvy • Food shortages: ate rats, leather • Reached Philippines and Magellan was killed • Of 280 crew, only 35 survived to end

  35. Hernando Cortes • Conquered the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) • Defeated Montezuma • Stole gold • Millions of natives killed by smallpox • Governor of Mexico

  36. Francisco Pizarro • Conquered the Incas • Held Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, prisoner • Once he controlled the area, he exploited the Incas: taxes, labor in mines

  37. Spanish Conquest • Empire extends into North America • Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: traveled in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, etc • Many missionaries settled in today’s U.S.

  38. The Impact on the Spanish Colonies • Exploitation of gold and silver • Plantations established • Trade increased • Natives forced labor, lower class • Bring language and religion(Catholic) Woodcut of Potosi

  39. Social Classes & the Spanish Spanish Creoles Mestizos Native Americans

  40. Benefits for Spain • Wealthy empire from silver/gold • Built navy and army: one of most powerful European nations

  41. Spanish Impact

  42. The Spanish in the New World Built an enormous empire in the Americas

  43. Religion and the Spanish Empire • Christian missionaries • Christian missionaries and Native American rights

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