Overview and Course Content

1. Overview and Course Content An Introduction to MRI Physics and Analysis Michael Jay Schillaci, PhD Monday, January 28th, 2008

2. Course Content

3. We will focus on the Physics of fMRI Applications in Social Psychology Course Textbooks

4. Course Content

5. MRI History

6. Scope of fMRI Experiments

7. Manipulation Techniques Lesions, TMS, Stimulation Measurement Techniques fMRI, PET, EEG fMRI is a Measurement Technique… BRAIN BEHAVIOR

8. 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Timeline of MR Imaging 1972 – Damadian patents idea for large NMR scanner to detect malignant tissue. 1924 - Pauli suggests that nuclear particles may have angular momentum (spin). 1937 – Rabi measures magnetic moment of nucleus. Coins “magnetic resonance”. 1985 – Insurance reimbursements for MRI exams begin. 1973 – Lauterbur publishesmethod for generating images using NMR gradients. MRI scanners become clinically prevalent. 1944 – Rabi wins Nobel prize in Physics. 1952 – Purcell and Bloch share Nobel prize in Physics. M R I f NMR becomes MRI 1973 – Mansfield independently publishes gradient approach to MR. 1990 – Ogawa and colleagues create functional images using endogenous, blood-oxygenation contrast. 1946 – Purcell shows that matter absorbs energy at a resonant frequency. 1959 – Singer measures blood flow using NMR (in mice). 1975 – Ernst develops 2D-Fourier transform for MR. 1946 – Bloch demonstrates that nuclear precession can be measured in detector coils.

9. Early Human MR Images (Damadian)

10. Mink5 Image – Damadian (1977)

11. Blood-Oxygenation-Level Dependent contrast

12. Key Concepts • Contrast • Spatial Resolution • Temporal Resolution • Functional Resolution

13. ~8mm2 ~4mm2 ~2mm2 ~1.5mm2 ~1mm2 Spatial Resolution: Examples

14. Contrast: Functional Contrast-to-noise is critical for fMRI: How effectively can we decide whether a given brain region has property X or property Y?

15. Spatial Resolution: Voxels Voxel: A small rectangular prism that is the basic sampling unit of fMRI. Typical anatomical voxel: (1.5mm)3. Typical functional voxel: (4mm)3.

16. Temporal Resolution • Determining factors • Sampling rate, usually repetition time (TR) • Dependent variable, usually BOLD response • BOLD response is sluggish, taking 2-3 seconds to rise above baseline and 4-6 seconds to peak • Experimental design • Most FMRI studies have temporal resolution on the order of a few seconds • With specialized designs and data acquisition, this can be improved to ~100ms

18. Students: Please sit with your project group in the first set of rows. Auditors: Please sit in the back.

19. FMRI : Ethics

20. Topics in Ethics • Safety issues • Testing of subject groups (IRB) • Privacy: HIPAA • Incidental findings

21. PUBLIC LAW 104-191 AUG. 21, 1996 HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT OF 1996 Public Law 104-191104th Congress An Act To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to improve portability and continuity of health insurance coverage in the group and individual markets, to combat waste, fraud, and abuse in health insurance and health care delivery, to promote the use of medical savings accounts, to improve access to long-term care services and coverage, to simplify the administration of health insurance, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

23. What is Private Health Information?(for a research study) • Name of participant • Insurance, medical records • Medical history, current conditions • Group assignments (e.g., Alzheimer’s) • Brain data?