Learning Objectives

2. Learning Objectives • Define leadership. • Present the background and classic studies of leadership. • Discuss the traditional theories of leadership, including the trait, group and exchange, contingency, and path-goal approaches. • Identify modern theoretical processes for leadership, such as charismatic, transformational, social cognitive, substitutes, and now authentic leadership. • Examine leadership across cultures giving special attention to the GLOBE project.

3. Introduction • Leadership is the focus and conduit of most of the other areas of organizational behavior

4. What is Leadership? • Has been controversial in terms of its definition • Leadership does remain pretty much of a “black box,” or unexplainable concept.

5. What is Leadership? Continued • Characteristics of managers versus leaders

6. Historically Important Studies on Leadership • Iowa leadership studies • Designed primarily to examine patterns of aggressive behavior • Ohio State leadership studies • Started with the premise that no satisfactory definition of leadership existed • Early Michigan leadership studies • Studies of leadership

7. Traditional Theories of Leadership • Trait theories of leadership • Five-factor model: “Big Five” personality traits • From traits to states and skills development • Focused on skill development besides traits

8. Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued • Group and exchange theories of leadership • Followers’ impact on leaders • Leader-member exchange (LMX) model

9. Traditional Theories of Leadership Continued • Three domains of leadership • Leader-based • Follower-based • Relationship-based

10. Traditional Theories of LeadershipContinued • Contingency theory of leadership • Fielder’s contingency model of leadership effectiveness • Leader-member relationship • Degree of task structure • Leader’s position power

11. Traditional Theories of LeadershipContinued • Fielder’s contingency model of leadership effectiveness (continued)

12. Traditional Theories of LeadershipContinued • Contingency theory of leadership (continued) • Research support for the contingency model • Methodologically sound validation studies have on the whole provided substantial support for the theory • Fielder’s contingency theory in perspective • First highly visible leadership theory • Emphasized the importance of both the situation and characteristics • Stimulated a great deal of research

13. Traditional Theories of LeadershipContinued • Path-goal leadership theory • Directive leadership • Supportive leadership • Participative leadership • Achievement-oriented leadership

14. Traditional Theories of LeadershipContinued • Path-goal leadership theory (continued)

15. Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership • Charismatic leadership theories

16. Modern Theoretical Processes of Leadership Continued • Transformational leadership theory

17. Modern Theoretical Processes of LeadershipContinued • Social cognitive approach

18. Modern Theoretical Processes of LeadershipContinued • Substitutes for leadership • Subordinate characteristics • Task characteristics • Organizational characteristics

19. Modern Theoretical Processes of LeadershipContinued • Authentic leadership

20. Modern Theoretical Processes of LeadershipContinued • Leadership across cultures • Personal Values • Backgrounds of the managers • Interpersonal skills

21. Modern Theoretical Processes of LeadershipContinued • Project GLOBE and the future of international leadership studies • Identified cultural dimension • Power distance • Uncertainty avoidance • Humane orientation • Institutional Collectivism • In-Group Collectivism • Assertiveness • Gender egalitarianism • Future orientation • Performance orientation

22. Modern Theoretical Processes of LeadershipContinued • Project GLOBE and the future of international leadership studies (continued) • Six leader attributes • Charismatic/ value-base • Team-oriented • Participative • Humane-oriented • Autonomous • Self-protective

23. Questions ?