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Islamic Spain

Islamic Spain. A Society of Tolerance 711-1492. Migration. Toledo derived from Hebrew term for exiles from 1st Century Diaspora 5th Century- Visigoths conquer Iberian Peninsula Jewish populations in Granada, Seville, Toledo, Cordoba

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Islamic Spain

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  1. Islamic Spain A Society of Tolerance 711-1492

  2. Migration • Toledo derived from Hebrew term for exiles from 1st Century Diaspora • 5th Century- Visigoths conquer Iberian Peninsula • Jewish populations in Granada, Seville, Toledo, Cordoba • Visigoths convert to Christianity (force conversion on Jews) • 7th Century-Founding of Islam, migration and conquests-North Africa • 711-Berbers invade Iberia

  3. 732: Muslims and Jews support Al Andalus and leave Jewish garrisons to hold conquests Christians and Jews are protected people (dhimmis), submit to Islamic authority, not threatened Christians and Jews are taxed Fighting between Arabs and Berbers Abd al-Rahman, Umayyad prince, escaped Syria and unites populous against government Foundation

  4. Foundation (continued) • Rakhman declares himself emir and Cordoba is the capital • Builds Mosque-Byzantine Archaic- • Founding of a new dynasty • 1000-Flourishes-Largest City-Tolerance and accommodation-Trades with Vikings and Baghdad • East meets West850: Zaragoza converts to Christianity-civil wars throughout 800s

  5. Unity • 900:Cordoba-peace and prosperity-Caliphates and conflicts • 912: Abd al-Rahman III declared caliph-unity-economic expansion-uses Christian and Jewish ambassadors • 929: Monumental structures and infrastructure-Madinat al-Zahra –Sherbet with ice from Pyrenees • Otto I- meets Christian Andalusian Ambassadors-Gas Street Hghting-String of Pearls • Byzantine empire sends texts for translations • Poetry-public relations of the time • Largest Libraries- in Baghdad • Green Revolution-Water Wheel-Flourishing agriculture-gardens • Cordoba conquered and burned following death of AR III

  6. Division • Fitna (time of strife) • Division and fracture of al-Andalus • 1014: Ibn Nagrela, Jewish Scholar-Petty King wants splendor for Granada-works for vizier • Neck Ring of the Dove: Ibn Hazm, Comparative Book of Religions-Ibn Hazm • N. Taifa Kingdoms- seek Christian support for defense

  7. Purification • 1060: -Pope Alexander II-concerned by “sleeping with the enemy” • 1066: Granada-Civil War-Anti Semitism-3000 to 4000 Jews Killed • 1085: Reconquista Begins-Toledo recaptured by Alphonso III-Capital of Christian Visigoths • Accepts Toledo knowledge-became “Emperor of 2 religions”

  8. Time of Strife (continued) • 1091: Seville-seeks N. African Berbers' help • N. Africans steal power-burn books and persecute Christians-disgusted by Tolerance-lost hundreds of books • Almoravids migrate in from North Africa-then Almohads • 1145: Jews and Christians flee Al Andalus because outlawed • Andalusians prefer Christian control • 1148: Jews bring Islamic knowledge to Christian North • 1150-1250: Christian lands of opportunity for Jews-Christian Europe starts Crusades-impacts life in Spain-Purifying religions

  9. Crossroads • Violent purification • 1149: Refugees flee Almohads-Moses Maimonides-Sephardic Jew- Spain to Egypt-Saladin’s Egypt-Scholarship on Aristotle-Harmonizes with religion • Ibn Rushd (Averroes)-in Cordoba-Qadi-works on Aristotle for Islam • Similar to translated into Latin by Thomas Aquinas • 12th century: Bishop in Toledo wants Translation-interfaith transition needed-plants seeds of Renaissance –Astrolabes used from Spain • Columbus used Muslim Navigators

  10. Crossroads (continued) • 1195: Alphonso III Fights Almohads @ Seville-Muslims win • 1207: Pope proclaims Spain as crusader zone- due to east failure- Crusade in Spain instead • 1212: Christians win against Muslims-Las Navas de Tolosa • Beginning of end of Al Andalus • 1236: Capture Cordoba from Muslims-Mosque consecrated as Cathedral

  11. Survival • Only Seville and Granada remain-Mohammad Ibn Nasir founds Nasrid • 1245: Nasrid Granada- Last dynasty-silk and textile production-remains independent • Muslim craftsmen kept in Christian Kingdoms • Jews accepted in Christian centers for business acumen and administrators • 1252: Alphonso X-Diminution of minorities-Establishes Law Code-Converts Death Castille and Leon-Allows Jewish and Muslim holy days-loves Arabic poetry

  12. Survival (continued) • 1348: Black Death sweeps Europe-violence against Jews-Bonfires-1/2 populations dies • 1354: Granada Alhambra Built-Flourishes post plague • 1360: Christian kings hire granadi workerss-lavish lifestyles • Granada thriving-multicultural-tributary state to Christian kings-15th century flourishes

  13. Loss • 1453: Constantinople falls in East • 1469: European Christians-Castille, Aragon and Leon united Ferdinand and Isabelle • Pope Authorizes Spanish Inquisitions-originally for lapsed Christians • Torquemada- Hammer of Spain-Grand Inquisitor • Last Chapter of Al Andalus • 1492: Granada split with son of emir-uses Christian allies to fight father • Ferdinand and Isabelle tour Alhambra • Jews convert or expelled-end of Reconquista • 1609: Muslim convert expelled from Spain

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