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Energy Alternatives

Energy Alternatives. Diesel Combined Diesel/Hydro Dam Medium Hydro Dam Large Hydro Dam. Load Forecast 2012 -2036 Fuel Required (4 kwhrs/L) CO2 emission (2.871kg/L) Maintenance and amortization (20%) Cost of fuel (a) $1.50/l (b) $2.00/l). Diesel. Average fuel cost $1.50 per liter

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Energy Alternatives

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  1. EnergyAlternatives Diesel Combined Diesel/Hydro Dam Medium Hydro Dam Large Hydro Dam

  2. Load Forecast 2012 -2036 Fuel Required (4 kwhrs/L) CO2 emission (2.871kg/L) Maintenance and amortization (20%) Cost of fuel (a) $1.50/l (b) $2.00/l) Diesel

  3. Average fuel cost $1.50 per liter NPV =$555M Average cost per kwhr =45 cents CO2 emission = 1,904,196 tons Average fuel cost $2.00 per liter NPV = $740M Average cost per kwhr = 60 cents CO2 emission = 1,904,196 tons DieselExpected cost for the period 2012 -2036

  4. Combined Hydro/Diesel • Load Forecast 2012 -2036 • Fuel Required (4 kwhrs/L) • CO2 emission (2.871kg/l) • Maintenance and amortization for diesel (20%) • Cost of fuel (a) $1.50/l (b) $2.00/l) • Capital cost of Hydro Dam and Transmission Line $150M. • Capital cost is amortized at 6% over 25 years. An additional 3% of the capital cost is added per year for maintenance of the Hydro Dam and transmission line • Annual mean production from Hydro 38,000,000 kwhrs

  5. Average fuel cost $1.50 per liter NPV = $491M Average cost per kwhr = 40 cents CO2 emission = 1,222,334 tons Average fuel cost $2.00 per liter NPV = $603M Average cost per kwhr = 49 cents Co2 emission = 1,222,334 tons Combined Hydro/DieselExpected Cost for the period 2012 - 2036

  6. Medium Hydro Dam • Load Forecast 2012 -2036 • Fuel Required • CO2 Emission • Maintenance and Amortization(20% of the cost of fuel) • Cost of fuel (a) $1.50/L (b) $2.00/L • Capital cost of Hydro Dam and Transmission Line $250M • The capital cost is amortized at 6% over 25 years. An additional cost of 3% per year is added for maintenance of the Hydro Dam and the Transmission Line • Annual mean production of the Hydro Dam is 100,000,000 kwhrs. • In 2022 the diesel is required to start up based on the load forecast.

  7. Fuel cost = $2.00/L NPV = $326M Average cost per kwhr = 27cents CO2 emission = 254,111 tons Fuel Cost = $1.50 NPV = $307M Average cost per kwhr = 25 cents CO2 emission = 254,111 Medium Hydro DamExpected cost for the period 2012 - 2036

  8. Large Hydro Dam • Load Forecast 2012 -2036 • Fuel Required • CO2 Emission • Maintenance and Amortization(20% of the cost of fuel) • Cost of fuel (a) $1.50/L (b) $2.00/L • Capital cost of Hydro Dam and Transmission Line $350M • The capital cost is amortized at 6% over 25 years. An additional cost of 3% per year is added for maintenance of the Hydro Dam and the Transmission Line • Annual mean production of the Hydro Dam is 150,000,000 kwhrs.

  9. Large Hydro DamExpected cost for the period 2012 - 2036 • The diesel is not required to operate during the study period. • NPV = $360M • Average cost per kwhr = 28 cents • CO2 emission = 0

  10. Comparison of KWhr costCents per Kwhr

  11. Comparison of NPVMillions

  12. Comparison of CO2 Emission

  13. Summary • Hydro Power is an old well proven Technology. • Hydro has good long term advantages. • A large dam is the alternative with highest economic ranking. • The break even point between a combined hydro/diesel and a large hydro dam is 64 cents per liter. • The study looks at our load forecast and the

  14. And the best solution to supply our load forecast. • Utilize surplus power to operate our residual heating system and displace heating fuels. • A Hydro Dam has many benefits, reduction in Greenhouse Gas emissions, deferral of any expansion to our Tank Farms, Mining etc • Risk: (a) Cost of fuel, oil at $200 or $30/barrel (b) Financing the Hydro, interest

  15. Rates at 3% 0r 18%

  16. Summary

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