By: Richard Drake Program Manager, Transportation Research

1. New York State Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Initiative By: Richard Drake Program Manager, Transportation Research New York State Energy R&D Authority (NYSERDA)

2. NYSERDA • New York State Energy Research and Development Authority • Public Benefit Corporation created in 1975, primarily funded by utility ratepayers • Three Goals: Energy Savings Environmental Benefits Economic Development

3. Additional Resources • Funding that NYSERDA can facilitate: • USDOE (e.g., Clean Cities) • USDOT (e.g., CMAQ, FTA grantee) • USEPA (e.g., Anti-Idling) • NYSDOT (e.g., Research Consortium) • NYS Special Programs (e.g., PHEV Initiative) • Public Utilities • Transit/Municipal Agencies • Now managing 60 vehicle deployment projects; • Budget over $120 million (incl. 3:1 leveraging)

4. Transportation Research How We do Business Program Opportunity Notices (PONs) – Competitive Solicitations – Review by Technical Panel (internal & external Reviewers) Desired Benefits – Energy – Environment – Economic Development Emphasize – Product Development – Commercialization – Teaming Contract Terms – Usually “Cost Shared” – Usually Require Royalties

5. Plug-In HEVs Advantages + Less petroleum consumption + Reduced urban air pollution, potential large CO2 reductions + Off-peak charging can improve grid economics + Creates path from renewables (e.g., Wind) to vehicles + Potential offshoots: V2G, emergency power for home + Unlike battery-electric: + No range restriction, smaller batteries + Charging is optional/interruptible, infrastructure is simple Disadvantages – Additional battery weight, vs. standard HEV – Additional cost: batteries and infrastructure – Battery life uncertainties – Thus far, auto companies have not embraced

6. NYSERDA Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Projects Odyne Corp./Thor Industries: 24-Passenger Bus, 20-mile Electric-Only Range DaimlerChrysler Corp.: “Sprinter” Delivery Van, 25-mile Electric-Only Range

7. BAE Systems HybriDriveTM R&D Program 1995-1999 1999 – Ongoing Hybrid Bus Production (825 firm orders to date)

8. Past EV Experience 1999 – 2001 500 Postal Service vehicles built 2001 – 2003 100 Station Cars demonstrated

9. Plug-in HEV Initiative Governor’s Press Release (August 1, 2006) “$10 million plug-in hybrids program... the 600 hybrid vehicles in the State fleet will be retrofitted to be plug-in hybrids.”

10. Hybrid-Electric Vehicles in NYS Fleet Ford Escape Toyota Prius Honda Civic Honda Accord

11. NYS Hybrid Fleet Late Model (04+) Excl. Accord & Silverado AgencyEscapePriusCivic Total DEC 71 0 24 95 MTA 58 16 0 74 DMV 0 0 49 49 Lottery 19 26 0 45 DOT 12 0 20 32 Other 38 21 61 120 Total 198 63 154 415

12. PHEV Technology Initiative Stage 1Validate the Technology Resolve issues such as: Certification: Safety, Emissions Performance: mpg, winter operation, etc. Best fit: driving cycle, garaging, etc. Cost: vehicle, infrastructure, O&M, warranty, etc. Stage 2Convert State-Owned HEVs

13. Plug-in HEV Initiative PON 1088 Stage 1 (proposals due 9/18/06) Up to $100K for sample vehicle (“first-article”) Multiple awards One vehicle model per proposal Proposer could submit multiple proposals Emphasized rapid delivery of first-article Stage 2 (proposals with due date TBD) Open only to successful Stage 1 participants Convert State HEVs using balance of $10 million

14. Plug-in HEV Initiative PON 1088, Stage 1 Proposals 16 Proposals, 3 Models: Ford Escape 6 proposals Toyota Prius 8 ” Honda Civic 2 ” 9 Proposers/Teams Stage 2 Price Estimates (Qty. <100): $6,500 – 37,500

15. Plug-in HEV Initiative PON 1088, Stage 1 Awards • Four teams building six vehicles: Ford Escape 3 vehicles Toyota Prius 2 vehicles Honda Civic 1 vehicle • Variety of battery packs: Three manufacturers Two configurations (replace vs. add) for both Escape and Prius Four kWh capacities • Two operating modes: blended, all-electric

16. Plug-In Hybrids Beyond the Current Initiative Goal is to stimulate car companies to provide PHEV options. Success depends on economics: Batteries with low life-cycle cost Gasoline prices Public policy: Tax credits , CO2 regulation Car company “business case”

17. U.S. Department of Energy - Advanced Vehicle Testing ActivityPHEV Testing NYSERDA – December 2006 Jim Francfort, Don Karner, Kevin Morrow

18. Accelerated testing Utilizes dedicated drivers Specific drive protocols With & w/o onboard data loggers Fuel use, miles, maintenance & repairs, & life-cycle costs End-of-life testing Conduct battery capacity (Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization) & power testing (Static Capacity) Rerun two fuel use drive cycle tests (A/C on & off) U.S. DOE: AVTA Vehicle Test Methods

19. U.S. DOE: AVTA PHEV Testing Plans • Developing PHEV specifications & test procedures for: • Baseline performance testing • Accelerated testing • Fleet testing • End-of-life testing (PHEV miles?) • Preparation for eventually testing production PHEVs • Initial baseline performance test procedures draft reviewed by National Laboratories

20. DOE: PHEV Testing Plans (cont’d) • Second draft to be distributed to OEMs & PHEV converters • Review for accuracy & adequacy • Recommend testing scope changes, as required • Third draft to be distributed to DOE’s PHEV Forum Stakeholders • Validating test procedures for baseline performance testing and accelerated testing (Phoenix & Argonne National Laboratory) • - Energy CS Prius & Renault Kangoo in testing • - HyMotion Prius available early 2007

21. DOE: PHEV Accelerated Testing Accelerated testing - 4,280 Mile / 4 Month test

22. PHEV Prius Test Program by Sacramento Municipal Utility District CARB 2006 ZEV Technology Review 9/27/06

23. SMUD Program: PHEV Prius Conversion • SMUD provided standard 2005 MY Prius to • EnergyCS in Dec. 2005 to be converted to PHEV • Car received at SMUD April 19, 2006 • “Break-in” runs were conducted for two • months

24. SMUD Program:PHEV Changes vs. HEV • Replaced 1.3 kWh NiMH battery with Lithium FePO4 (cathode) 8.5 kWh pack from Valence Technologies • Usable energy went from 0.4 kWh to 6.5 kWh • Installed 1.1 kW Delta Q charger & 110 volt plug • Proprietary Energy CS software manages the 2,376 Li cells (18650’s)

25. SMUD Program:The Nature of Prototypes • Delta Q prototype charger failed in early May • Delta Q prototype charger failed again in mid-June, causing cell/group low voltage problem • Replaced one group of cells • Vi (voltage/current) contactor malfunctioned in Sept. – disabled the Delta Q charge function temporarily.

26. Preliminary Observations, Based on Review of PHEV Testing to Date • “First-article” vehicles often exhibit glitches • PHEVs are emerging technology and require significant test miles to ensure reliability; PHEVs should not immediately be assigned to daily fleet duty with random drivers • Gain in mpg can be very high, but sensitive to: - Trip length (best mpg may on trips of 10-40 miles) - Emissions goals (highest mpg may not yield lowest emissions)

27. PHEV Contacts in NYSERDA’s Transportation R&D Program Richard Drake, Program Manager 518-862-1090, ext. 3258 rld@nyserda.org Joe Wagner, Sr. Project Manager 518-862-1090, ext. 3228 jrw@nyserda.org