5/20/10 -BR- Quick U.S. History The __branch makes laws The __branch decides on laws

1. 5/20/10 -BR- Quick U.S. History The __branch makes laws The __branch decides on laws The ____ and the ___ are the heads of the ____ branch. They enforce the laws. Today: The Roman Republic (Great Grandfather of The American Republics?)

2. Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times. Watercolor (18th century), Giuseppe Becchetti

4. PEOPLE: The Latins -Rome: “The First Romans” The 1._________ -Northern Italy -Urbanized Rome: Building Programs (the Forum) -Influence on Romans: the arch, alphabet The 2. ______ -Southern Italy and Sicily -Influence on Romans: art, architecture, literature, ..government, engineering GEOGRAPHY: -Tiber River & Mediterranean Sea -Fertile Soil & Strategic Location Ancient Italy(c. 6th century B.C.)

5. Government: RepublicRespublica - matters of the public (people)

6. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) • 509 B.C., Romans rejected Etruscan king (monarchy) and established a 3._______. • Power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders. • In Rome, 4. ________ with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens. Voted in blocks called assemblies.

7. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) STRUGGLE FOR POWER: CLASS CONFLICT • 5.__________ wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and social status • 6. __________ (____) common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but can’t rule • 7.________ elected representatives who protect plebeians’ political rights. Could not be touched. Their veto was a safeguard against the patricians.

8. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) A “Balanced” Government • Rome elects two 8._______– had power of life and death, could veto acts (except tribunes) one to lead army, one to direct government (consul, proconsul) • 9._______ chosen from patricians (Roman upper class), make foreign and domestic policy (500 people) • Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for plebeians & patricians can veto acts of others. • 10._________ leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis (appt. by consuls and senate)

9. Other Officials: • Praetor (6)- Law officer and judges • Pontifex Maximus (1) - chief of the state religion • Quaestor (20) - treasurer and state records • Aedile (20) - oversaw public works (streets, etc) temples and markets and public games - very popular post! • Censor - Auditor of the Government and senate, checked finances, works, and morality. Elected every 5 years. (old, honored title)

10. Cursus Honorum - “Course of Honors” This was the path (ladder) most Roman men took to power. It was a series of posts at different ages. You could not repeat offices and had to follow the age limits. You wanted to be elected “IN SUO ANNO” - in your year. • Quaestor - 30 years • Aediels - 36 years • Praetor - 39 years • Consul - 42 years • Governor - Had to have been a consul (governed provinces) • Censor (censi means “to count”)- former consul

12. Assignment - Due Thursday Make a chart of the cursus honorum. Its ok to use the previous page. Include each position AND a description of duties and requirements.

13. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) THE TWELVE TABLES • 451 B.C., officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets and hung in Forum. • Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of the law • Become the basis for later Roman law

14. The Twelve Tables:Primary Source Review • What can we infer about Roman values based on the laws cited in the Twelve Tables? • How do the Twelve Tables compare to modern laws in the United States?

15. Why were the Romans able to conquer Italy & the Mediterranean World?

16. Military Organization:The Roman Army

17. The Roman Army • All citizens were required to serve • Army was powerful: • Organization & fighting skill • Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback)

18. Rome Spreads its Power • Romans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek city-states in south • Treatment of Conquered: • Forge alliances • Offer citizenship • By 265 B.C., Rome controls Italian peninsula

19. Rome’s Commercial Network • Rome establishes a large trading network • Access to Mediterranean Sea provides many trade routes • Carthage, powerful city-state in North Africa, soon rivals Rome

20. Military Organization:The Punic Wars

21. Punic Wars(264-146 B.C.) • Three Wars between Rome and Carthage • 1st Punic War- Rome gains control of Sicily & western Mediterranean Sea. The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

22. Punic Wars(264-146 B.C.) • 2nd Punic War- Carthaginian General Hannibal’s “surprise” attack through Spain & France • 60,000 soldiers and 60 elephants • Romans experience severe losses, but eventually ward off attacks & invade North Africa The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

23. Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy.

24. Punic Wars(264-146 B.C.) • 3rd Punic War- Rome seizes Carthage • Scipio- Roman Strategist • Conquered people sold into slavery The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

25. Why were the Romans able to conquer Italy & the Mediterranean World? (Give a few reasons and explain)Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government, or its army? Why?How does Rome’s rise to power relate to modern efforts to gain power and authority?

26. Forthcoming… • How did the struggle for power between patricians and plebeians affect the Roman Republic? • How does leadership impact the power and authority of a nation/republic/empire? • Julius Caesar • Augustus • The Good & Bad Emperors • Diocletian & Constantine