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Evolution of Contraception Through History and Society

Explore the historical and social perspectives of contraception, from ancient times to modern controversies and innovations. Learn about methods, societal impacts, and shared responsibilities in choosing and using birth control effectively.

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Evolution of Contraception Through History and Society

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  1. Chapter 10Contraception

  2. Historical and Social Perspectives • Evidence of contraception since the beginning of recorded history • U.S. Contraceptive Efforts • 1800s Comstock Laws • 1915: Margaret Sanger • U.S. Supreme Court Rulings • Griswold vs. Connecticut • Eisenstadt vs. Baird

  3. Contemporary Issues on Contraception • Worldwide contraceptive usage increase • Planning for wanted children • Physical health of mother • Insurance coverage of contraceptives • Population growth • Cultural gender-role expectations • Wide diversity of views among cultures and religious groups

  4. Sharing Responsibility for Contraception • Ask about birth control before intercourse • Read and discuss options together • Attend a class or clinic together • Share expenses

  5. Choosing a Birth Control Method • Consider effectiveness and cost • Consider ease of use and side effects • Characteristics of ineffective use

  6. Hormone-Based Contraceptives 4 Basic Types of The Pills • Combination pill • Triphasic pill • Constant dose • Progestin-only pill

  7. Other Hormone-Based Contraceptives • Vaginal ring • Transdermal patch • Injected contraceptives

  8. Barrier Methods • Male Condom • Sheath fits over erect penis • Female Condom • Worn internally by a female • Additional protection from condoms

  9. Male Condom

  10. Female Condom

  11. Vaginal Spermicides • Can be purchased in pharmacies without a prescription • Types • Foam, sponge, suppositories, creams, contraceptive film (VCF)

  12. Cervical Barrier Devices • Diaphragm • Cervical cap • FemCap • Lea’s Shield

  13. Cervical Barrier Devices

  14. Intrauterine Devices • Affect sperm motility and viability • Thicken cervical mucous • Alter endometrial lining • Impair tubal motility

  15. Intrauterine Devices

  16. Emergency Contraception • Hormone Pills • Birth control pills taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse • Copper-T IUD • Inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex • Access issues and advancement

  17. Fertility Awareness Methods • Standard days method • Mucus method • Calendar method • Basal body temperature method

  18. Sterilization • Most effective method • Leading method in U.S. and the world • Reversal about 50% effective

  19. Female Sterilization

  20. Male Sterilization: Vasectomy

  21. NursingA Less than Effective Method of Birth Control • Amenorrhea is common for a brief period after birth while breastfeeding • 80% ovulate before first period

  22. Withdrawal Before Ejaculation A Less than Effective Method • Difficult to judge when to withdraw • Anxiety may lower pleasure • Cowper’s gland fluid may carry sperm • Any sperm on vulva may travel into vagina/uterus • Unreliable

  23. New Directions in Contraception • Males • Progestin/Testosterone implant or injection • Medication to prevent ejaculation during orgasm • Reversible vasectomy in clinical trials • Females • Non-hormonal methods • Contraceptive vaccine, vaginal ring, spermicide • Spray on contraceptive • Spermicide to protect against STIs

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