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Chapter 5 language

Chapter 5 language. Key Issue #1. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?. Global distribution of language results from 2 geographic processes- interaction and isolation Origin and diffusion of English

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Chapter 5 language

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  1. Chapter 5language

  2. Key Issue #1 Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed?

  3. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? • Global distribution of language results from 2 geographic processes-interaction and isolation • Origin and diffusion of English • English is spoken by appx. ½ billion people as a first language & 2 billion people live in a country where English is an official language • English colonies- ?Diffusion? • Origins of English • German invasions-Angles, Saxons, & Jutes • Norman invasions

  4. English-Speaking Countries Fig. 5-1: English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others. Figure 5-2

  5. Invasions of England5th–11th centuries Fig. 5-2: The groups that brought what became English to England included Jutes, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. The Normans later brought French vocabulary to English.

  6. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? • Dialects of English • Dialect = a regional variation of a language set apart by vocabulary, spelling, & pronunciation. • Isogloss = a word-usage boundary • Standard language = a well-established dialect • Dialects • In England • Differences between British and American English

  7. Old and Middle English Dialects Fig. 5-3: The main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasion persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects through the 1400s.

  8. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed? • Dialects of English • Dialects in the United States • Settlement in the eastern United States • New England, Middle Atlantic, & Southeastern • Regional pronunciation differences are more familiar than word differences

  9. Dialects in theEastern U.S. Fig. 5-4: Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution is similar to that of house types

  10. Soft Drink Differences Figure 5-8

  11. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/20/sunday-review/dialect-quiz-map.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/20/sunday-review/dialect-quiz-map.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWtXd_yRllA My Fair Lady

  12. Key Issue #2 Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

  13. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? • Indo-European languages • English is a part of the Indo-European language family-collection of languages related through a common ancestor • Language branch = collection of related languages • Indo-European = eight branches • Four branches have a large number of speakers: • Germanic • Indo-Iranian • Balto-Slavic • Romance

  14. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? • Indo-European languages • A language group -collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. • For example, West Germanic is the group within the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family to which English belongs.

  15. Indo-European Language Family Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

  16. Linguistic Differences in Europe and India Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11

  17. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

  18. South Asian Languages and Language Families Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

  19. Romance Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

  20. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? • Origin and diffusion of Indo-European • A “Proto-Indo-European” language? • Internal evidence • Derived from physical attributes of words in various Indo-European languages • Linguists and anthropologists agree that Proto-Indo-European existed, but disagree about when and where it originated and diffused

  21. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? • Kurgan hearth theory • Marija Gimbutas • Hearth-present day Russia and Kazakhstan, c.4300 BC • “Nomadic warrior” theory-domesticated horses and cattle, moved to find grasslands, conquered land using their horses c.3500-2500 BC • Anatolian hearth theory • Colin Renfrew • Hearth-eastern Anatolia (Turkey), 2000 years before Kurgans • “Sedentary farmer” theory-language diffused through agricultural practices rather than military conquest, was successful b/c its speakers were more numerous due to their settled farming

  22. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin“Nomadic Warrior” Theory Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.

  23. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin“Sedentary Farmer” Theory Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

  24. Key Issue #3 Where are Other Language Families Distributed?

  25. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? • Classification of languages • Indo-European = the largest language family • About 50 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language • Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language family • About 25 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-Tibetan language • Mandarin = the most used language in the world

  26. Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.

  27. Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

  28. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? • Languages of the Middle East and Central Asia • Afro-Asiatic • Arabic = most widely spoken • Altaic • Turkish = most widely spoken • Uralic • Estonian, Hungarian, and Finnish • **remember the 3 countries in Europe that don’t speak Indo-European languages?

  29. Language Family Trees Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.

  30. Chinese Ideograms Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.

  31. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? • African language families • Extensive linguistic diversity • 1,000 distinct languages + thousands of dialects • Niger-Congo • 95 percent of sub-Saharan Africans speak a Niger-Congo language • Benue-Congo branch; Swahili is the most important language • Nilo-Saharan • Khoisan • Xhosa or “Click” languages

  32. Language Families of Africa Fig. 5-14: The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

  33. Languages of Nigeria Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

  34. Key Issue #4 Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

  35. Why Do People Preserve Languages? • Preserving language diversity • Extinct languages • 473 “endangered” languages today • Examples • Reviving extinct languages: Hebrew • Preserving endangered languages: Celtic • Multilingual states • Walloons and Flemings in Belgium • Switzerland • Isolated languages • Basque • Icelandic

  36. Language Divisions in Belgium Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

  37. Language Areas in Switzerland Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

  38. Why Do People Preserve Languages? • Global dominance of English • English: An example of a lingua franca • Lingua franca = an international language • Pidgin language = a simplified version of a language • Expansion diffusion of English • Ebonics

  39. Why Do People Preserve Languages? • Global dominance of English • Diffusion to other languages • Franglais • The French Academy (1635) = the supreme arbiter of the French language • Spanglish • Denglish

  40. French-English Boundary in Canada Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Québec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

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