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Section Two. IDENTIFICATION OF STRENGTHS AND AREAS FOR DEVELOPMENT. In this section you will have identified a strength and area for development from the data you have collected on your performance. This may be in the area of skill acquisition or physical fitness.
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Section Two IDENTIFICATION OF STRENGTHS AND AREAS FOR DEVELOPMENT.
In this section you will have identified a strength and area for development from the data you have collected on your performance. • This may be in the area of skill acquisition or physical fitness. • We will now look at the theory behind skill acquisition and physical fitness in more detail.
Skills • These are the tools which we need to take part in the activity. • They also give information about the purpose of the action. • Examples of skills are – passing(to get the ball from one team mate to another), shooting (to try to score a goal/point in to a set area).
Techniques • The technique is the way in which the skill is performed eg. • Basketball– • Passing (chest pass, bounce pass) • Shooting (lay up shot, set shot, jump shot) • The technique is often selected because of the situation.
Breaking Down a Skill • When we try to describe a skill it should be broken down into three areas. • Preparation. • Action. • Recovery.
Preparation • This is what happens in order to allow the action to take place. • Action • This describes the actual action. • Recovery • This is what happens after the action to allow the player to be ready for the next action.
Processing Information • Input • This is information you receive from your senses, e.g. sight and sound. • Decision Making • Decisions are then based on the information you have received: putting more important information first. • Output • The way you decide to move and respond to the decisions you have made. • Feedback • Information during and after your chosen response about your performance.
Stages of Learning Beginner Intermediate Expert
Beginner • Also known as the Planning stage of learning. • This is the first few attempts of the skill. • Lots of errors are noticeable. • Lots of feedback needed.
Intermediate • Also known as the Practice stage of learning. • Link together parts of the skill so it looks more fluent. • Number of errors reduced. • Feedback still needed to improve.
Expert • Also known as the Automatic stage of learning. • Skill is fluent and controlled and can be done without thinking about it. • Few errors are made. • You can focus on other aspects of your performance e.g. tactics.
Skill Classification • Skills exist on a continuum between closed and open. • Closed skills are skills that have few factors influencing performance. • Open skills are skills which are unpredictable and have a number of external factors influencing performance.
Simple Skills Little decision making required. Basic movement patterns Complex Skills High decision making required. Many Sub-routines. Lots of information to be processed. Skill Classification
Skill Classification • Continuous Skills – repetitive in nature. No clear beginning or end. E.g. Cycling • Serial Skills – Made up of several identifiable parts. E.g. Long Jump • Discrete Skills – Skill’s which have a clear beginning and end. E.g. High Serve
Mechanical Principles These are the facts which affect how we perform skills.
Centre of Gravity This is found just above the level of the hips. Its position varies as the shape of the body changes. Stability How large the base of support is for your body. The larger the base of support the easier it is to remain balanced. To remain balanced you must try to keep the centre of gravity above the base.
Improving Balance • To make your body more stable you should consider – • 1. Lowering the centre of gravity. • 2. Making the area of your base larger. • 3. Keeping your centre of gravity as close to the centre of your base as possible. • 4. If there is an oncoming force (eg strong wind) leaning in to the force will help keep the body stable.
Transfer of Weight • This is the movement of weight from one body part to another. • This can be seen in different ways.
Throwing • Stepping into an action adds power to the throw.
Catching • Stepping back as the ball is caught and drawing the hands in absorbs the force of the throw.
Striking • Transferring the weight from the back foot to the front foot as an object is struck will add power to the striking action.
Gymnastics • The weight is transferred from one body part to another to perform gymnastics actions. • E.g. handstand the weight is transferred from the feet to the hands and back to the feet.
Force • Newton’s third Law of Motion states that • “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction” • In PE this means that if a force is applied in one direction the body will move in the opposite direction.
Canoeing • The Canoeist pulls his paddle back to propel the canoe forward.
Athletics – Long Jump • When an athlete jumps they apply a force downwards, which in turn produces power in the opposite direction (upwards). Copy and paste into a web browser please to show a video of the world’s best long jumpers: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QGlOoutwLY
Friction • This is caused when two surfaces rub together. • This creates resistance. • In physical activity resistance can be an advantage or a disadvantage.
Advantages • These sprinters wear spiked shoes which will give a better grip on the track. • This increases and allows them to apply more force backwards. • This will cause them to move forward faster.
Disadvantages • In some activities the participants have to reduce the amount of resistance. • The downhill skier shown is keeping a low body position to reduce resistance (drag) which is acting against him.
Cycling Example • Cyclists reduce resistance by using ‘streamlining’ or ‘drafting’. This involves sitting behind the leader using them as a windbreak.
FITNESS PHYSICAL FITNESS
Warm Up • A warm up is designed to prepare the body thoroughly for the activity that the performer is about to participate in. • There are 3 main sections to any warm up. • Pulse raiser. • Stretching. • Skills practice.
Pulse Raiser • This activity is designed to take the body from a resting state to active.
Pulse Raiser • The main objective of this part of the warm up is: • to raise body temperature, • increase blood flow to the muscles, • increase oxygen intake • begin to loosen the muscles in preparation for the activity ahead. • Heating the muscles allows the performer to more effectively stretch them with reduced risk of injury.
Stretching • Stretching can be active or static. • Both types have merit however, some are more appropriate to specific sports than others.
Stretching • Active stretching is done whilst the body is on the move. Can be done with various movements or actions whilst jogging. • Static stretching is done on the spot whilst standing still and is more effective in targeting specific muscle groups that may have caused a performer issues in the past.
Skills Practice • This is the final stage of the warm up. • It is performed to specifically prepare the muscles used during the performance.
Skills Practice • The practice must be suitable to the activity and not place too much strain on the body. • It is designed to prepare the body and performing an explosive action before the body has completed a full and comprehensive warm up could result in injuries.
Cardio-Respiratory System • Your body needs a regular supply of oxygen so that it can work. • The harder the work gets the more oxygen is required. • To supply this means that your heart and lungs have to work together.
Cardio • As you work harder your heart must work harder. • There are 2 ways in which your heart can increase the blood supply to the body. • Increase stroke volume. • Increase beats per minute.
Respiratory • As you breathe air is drawn into your lungs. • The oxygen is absorbed into the blood. • The blood carries the oxygen to the parts of the body which require it so they can work. • There are 2 ways in which more oxygen can be taken in . • Increase lung capacity through deeper breathes. • Increased breathing rate.
As a result of this work the muscles produce a waste products such as carbon dioxide, urea and lactic acid. • The haemoglobin in the blood absorbs these from the cells and carries it back to the lungs and other organs to remove them from the system. • This is done through breathing out cleansing by kidneys and other removal methods.
Circulatory System • This is made up of the heart and blood vessels. • Through this system the blood flows continuously around the body. • The heart is the pump which sends the blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels • Various blood vessels are involved in this system. • These include :- • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries
Circulatory System • As your body works harder it needs more oxygen. • The blood collects the extra oxygen from the lungs and carries it via the heart to the rest of the body. • This means that the blood will need to travel from the heart faster to supply the body with oxygen.
