Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 The Road To War

2. American Isolationism 1. What is isolationism? • -The belief that the US should withdraw from world affairs. • -We did not want (or need) to cut ourselves off from everyone, just avoid alliances. • -We did not want to fight in future wars, and did not join the League of Nations.

3. Naval Treaties to Ensure Peace 2. The Washington Conference was hosted in 1921, and Charles Evans Hughes was the chief US negotiator.

4. Naval Treaties to Ensure Peace 3. What was the result of the Washington Conference? • -Hughes proposed that over 60 ships be destroyed, and no new battleships be built. • -Also, a ratio system would be established where the US and Britain would have navies the same size, while Japan, Italy and France would be reduced. • -Although everyone agreed to this, Japan felt picked on so they cheated on the treaty.

5. Outlawing War 4. The Kellogg-Briand Pact began as an agreement between France and the US, but evolved into a 62-nation treaty where every country who signed it agreed to give up war forever. Because so many signed it, the pact was worthless.

6. The Nine-Power Treaty 5. What did the Nine-Power Treaty do? • -Every nation that had a colony in the Pacific agreed to respect each other’s territories. • -Everyone was supposed to support the Open Door Policy in China. • -Nobody was supposed to fortify their colonies, but Japan did (would affect WWII).

7. War Debts and European Hangover 6. What happened with the war debts remaining from World War I? • -The Allies owed over $10 billion to the US, and wanted us to forgive the debt. • -The US forgave some and refinanced the rest, but the Allies were angry.

8. War Debts and European Hangover 6. What happened with the war debts remaining from World War I? • -Germany had huge reparations placed on it ($32 billion) and these caused inflation. • -This eventually wrecked the German economy, resulting in the rise of the Nazis. • -Most of the Allies eventually defaulted on their debts during the Great Depression.

9. How the World Went Into the Depression

10. Nicaragua 7. The US had a very controversial relationship with Nicaragua in the 1920’s and 1930’s.

11. Nicaragua 8. Augusto Sandino launched a revolution against the American military occupying force, killing hundreds of American marines over a ten year period. Our relationship with the country was terrible.

12. Nicaragua 9. The US trained Anastasio Somoza to lead the Nicaraguan National Guard and we left the country. He killed Sandino, and ruled the country with an iron fist for the next 47 years.

13. The US leaves Latin America 10. What were two reasons America decided to pull its troops out of Latin America? • 1. It was expensive to keep troops there, especially in the middle of the Depression. • 2. No one could threaten our power in the Western Hemisphere.

14. The Good Neighbor Policy 11. What was the Good Neighbor Policy? • -Begun under Hoover, FDR strengthened this plan so Latin America would be friends. • -We offered to cancel the Platt Amendment with Cuba (and part of it was revoked).

15. The Good Neighbor Policy 11. What was the Good Neighbor Policy? • -We pulled marines from Haiti, and many from Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. • -We invested a lot of money in agribusinesses (American owned) and increased trade. • -We had cultural exchanges with Latin American nations with music, art and dance.

16. Controlling Latin America 12. The United Fruit Company was the largest landowner in several countries in Central America. It was more powerful than any single government, and could assassinate leaders and control armies to get its way in the region.

17. Controlling Latin America 13. Caudillos took power in most Latin American nations during the Depression, ruling as virtual dictators. The US tolerated them because they allowed American businesses to have big advantages in these economies.

18. The Birth of Fascism 14. Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist party in Italy after World War I ended, and he believed that a military-dominated government should control all aspects of society.

19. Mussolini Consolidates Power 15. How did Mussolini get power in Italy? • -He tightly controlled a group of thugs and ex-cons called the Black Shirts. • -He used intimidation, threats, murder, bribery and the military to seize control.

20. Mussolini Consolidates Power 15. How did Mussolini get power in Italy? • -He built a secret police and took away basic freedoms from Italians to keep control. • -The King (and Pope) turned a blind eye because they were afraid of him.

21. Mussolini Consolidates Power 16. Because Mussolini promised to return Italy to its former greatness, Ethiopia was attacked in 1935 by Italy and after a tough fight, it was overcome in three years.

22. Mussolini Consolidates Power 17. Haile Selassie was the King of Ethiopia who asked the world for help against Italy. He was rejected by the US, and we didn’t sell weapons to either side, which helped Italy.

23. Soviet Union and Communism 18. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin took power by 1927 and turned the USSR into a totalitarian communist state.

24. Soviet Union and Communism 19. What were three ways Stalin consolidated his power in the Soviet Union? • 1. He reorganized farms and sent farmers to labor camps, where many died. • 2. He used the army and police forces to crush all opposition, killing 15 million.

25. Soviet Union and Communism 19. What were three ways Stalin consolidated his power in the Soviet Union? • 3. He purposely starved another 15 million to death for opposing his policies.

26. The Rise of Hitler 20. Adolf Hitler was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or NAZI’s, in Germany, and he became ruler of Germany in 1933.

27. The Rise of Hitler 21. Describe Hitler’s rise to power. • -He was a WWI veteran who liked to give speeches and he blamed the loss on Jews. • -He was thrown in prison in 1922 for trying to overthrow the democratic government.

28. The Rise of Hitler 21. Describe Hitler’s rise to power. • -He got out in a couple of years, and got elected to the German Congress. • -He faked a national emergency by setting fire to Congress, and getting the old Chancellor to give him total dictatorial powers. (temporarily)

29. The Rise of Hitler 22. While in prison, Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf (My struggle), which outlined his plans for Germany, and more ominously, for all German Jews.

30. The Rise of Hitler 23. What were three bad things Hitler did once he took total control over Germany? • 1. His “Brown Shirts” crushed political opposition by rioting and killing. • 2. He made military service mandatory, outlawed strikes, and eliminated democracy. • 3. He singled Jews out for discrimination and put them in special schools and ghettos.

31. German Expansion 24. Where, and in what order, did Hitler expand the German empire? “Lebensraum” • 1. Rhineland was reoccupied in 1936. • 2. Austria was annexed (made part of Germany) in 1938. Called “Anschluss”. • 3. Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia. He later took all of it.

32. The Holocaust Begins 25. Kristallnacht, or the “night of broken glass”, was the night in 1938 where Hitler’s stormtroopers attacked Jews all across Germany, burning down synagogues and houses of Jews. Anyone who tried to fight back was killed.

33. The Holocaust Begins 26. What did the US do to help out the Jews, and why did they do more? • -We allowed up to 24,000 German immigrants per year to come, but few did. • -Germany would not let Jews leave with more than $4 on them.

34. The Holocaust Begins 26. What did the US do to help out the Jews, and why did they do more? • -The US would not permit poor people to come into the country as immigrants. • -There were some Americans who hated Jews, plus, we were still in the Depression.

35. The Spanish Civil War 27. Francisco Franco began the Spanish Civil War in 1936, and was able to win and create a Fascist government within three years by getting help from Germany and Italy.

36. The Spanish Civil War 28. What happened in the Spanish Civil War? • -Hitler gave lots of weapons to Franco, and got training for his men before WWII. • -Stalin helped the loyalists fight Franco, but he couldn’t send much help - he was poor.

37. The Spanish Civil War 28. What happened in the Spanish Civil War? • -The US refused to help either side, because we were neutral, although over 3000 Americans went to fight on the loyalist side. • They were refused entry back into the US.

38. The Spanish Civil War 29. Ernest Hemingway went to Spain to cover the war and did some fighting as well. He wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls to describe the war in Spain.

39. Japanese Expansion 30. What were Japan’s three goals in the 1930’s? • 1. Reduce Japan’s reliance on foreign imports – instead, get their own raw materials. • 2. Promote Japanese expansion across the Pacific and East Asia, take territories. • 3. Reduce the influence of other countries culturally over Japan.

40. Japanese Expansion 31. Japan attacked China in 1937, and almost wiped out large coastal cities like Nanking, where hundreds of thousands of people were purposely murdered by the Japanese military. The US and League of Nations did next to nothing except complain about it.

41. (More) German Expansion 32. The Munich Conference was held in 1938 to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia. Hitler demanded that he get a portion of that country, the part that spoke German.

42. (More) German Expansion 33. Neville Chamberlain was the British Prime Minister who attended the conference and gave Hitler everything he wanted. This was called the policy of appeasement – keeping peace at all costs. It failed, and Hitler just wanted more.

43. America Awakens 34. How did Congress and FDR respond to escalating tensions and war in the late 1930’s? • -FDR asked for participation with western Europe in putting a quarantine or embargo on warlike nations. Congress said no. • -Congress passed resolutions declaring America to be neutral in all world conflicts.

44. America Awakens 34. How did Congress and FDR respond to escalating tensions and war in the late 1930’s? • -No weapons could be sold to any countries for any reasons, whatsoever. • -Americans were banned from traveling on ships belonging to countries at war.

45. Japanese Expansion 35. Japan sank the USS Panay and killed two American sailors in an unprovoked attack in 1937. Rather than fight back, Congress asked for an apology and received one from Japan, thus averting war.

46. Germany-USSR Teamwork 36. Who signed the Non-Aggression Pact, and what did it mean for Europe? • -Germany (Hitler) and the USSR (Stalin) did this deal, although they hated each other. • -It said that neither country would attack the other, and Poland would be divided in two.

47. Germany-USSR Teamwork 36. Who signed the Non-Aggression Pact, and what did it mean for Europe? • -It enabled Stalin to buy time to build his army, and Hitler could freely attack the west (namely France and Britain).

48. World War II Begins 37. World War II began on September 1st, 1939, when Poland was attacked. The Soviet Union then attacked the Baltic States, and later Finland in 1940. Britain and France declared war on Germany to stop them, but it had no effect in helping Poland survive.

49. The Election of 1940 38. FDR ran for a third time in the 1940 Presidential election against Wendell Willkie, a Republican who pledged to keep America out of war. FDR won, although it was a fairly close race, because the American people trusted his experience more.

50. America Moves to Intervene 39. In what three ways FDR move America closer to war in 1940-1941? • 1. He allowed Britain and France to buy weapons from us, as long as they paid cash. • 2. He made a semi-secret “Destroyers for Bases” deal with Britain late in 1940. • 3. He offered Lend-Lease to Britain, and later to the Soviet Union.