Dr. SUPRIYADi, MS Departement of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture University of Sebelas Maret

1. PLANTS PROTECTION(PESTS OF PLANTS ) Dr. SUPRIYADi, MS Departement of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture University of Sebelas Maret

2. I. Introduction

3. Lecture Schedule • Introduction • Insects as Pests (Identified of insect) • Insect Ecology • Pest controls • Integrated pest management ASSESMENT: MIDTERM

4. Reference • Wilson MC, Broersama DB & Provonsha AV. 1083. Fundamentals of Aplied Entomology. 2nd. Practical Insect Pest Management Vol 1. Perdue University • Kalshoven LGE. 1981. Pests of Crops in Indonesia. sed by PAVan der Laan. PT. Ichtiar Baru. Jakarta • Borror DJ, De Long DM, and Triplehorn CA. 1981. An Introduction to the study of insects. Saunder Collage Publishing. Philadelphia. 827p.

5. Animals as Pest • In agricultural context: pest can be defined that animals cause sufficient damage in terms of reduction of yield and the quality of the harvested product by an amount that is unacceptable to the farmer. • Relatively few species of animals compate with man while feeding, these few often onlyattain pest status because man has cultivated crops which are their preferred hosts. The great majority of animals including insects, are, however, harmless or even useful

6. The Number and Proportions of species in major taxa species (Southwood, 1978)

7. Groups of animals Goups of animals as Pest • Phyillum Arthropoda • Clas of Insecta (e.g brwn planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens) • Clas Arachnid (Acarina: e.g Teranychus spp) • Phyillum Chordata • Clas Mammalia (Rodentia: e.g. Callosciurus sp, Rattus rattus diardii. • Clas Aves (Birds: e.g. Munia spp.) • Phyillum Mollusca • Klas Gastropodag (e.g. giant snail (Achatina fulica) • Phyillum Nemathelmintes : • Klas Nematoda (e.g Rootknot nematode, Meloidogyne spp) The importance of Insect as pests…….. ???

8. Phyillum Mollusca • Phyillum Chordata • Phyillum Chordata • Phyillum Insecta

9. The importance of Insect as pests • Why are insects impotant as pest • Live in the greatest variety of habitats • Exhibit diverse types of locomotion • Eat the greatest variety of food (monophagous, olygophagous, polyphagous) • Greatest number of species • Hight facundity or progeny

10. Comparative number of described animals species. (Southwood, 1978)

11. MAN PLANTS OTHER ANIMALS INSECT INTERACT WITH BENEFICIAL HARMFUL BENEFICIAL TO MAN THEY COMPETE WITH MAN

12. BENEFICIAL INSECT Dactylopiuscoccus (Hemiptera:Coddoideae) Honey bee, Aphis mellifera

13. INSECT IN THE MAINTENANCE OF BIOLOGICAL BALANCE Insect Pollinators - (Apis sp)

14. INSECT IN THE MAINTENANCE OF BIOLOGICAL BALANCE Natural enemies: -Predators 14

15. INSECT IN THE MAINTENANCE OF BIOLOGICAL BALANCE Natural enemies: -Parasitoids 15

16. INSECT IN THE MAINTENANCE OF BIOLOGICAL BALANCE Natural enemies: -Parasitoid 16

17. I. Insect as Pests

18. Causes of Pest Occurrences and Outbreak • Monoculture of crops. A Large concentration of the same species cultured year after year will provide of resources for insect feeding, and so the ecological diversity is nonexistent. A situation analogous to storage of food. • Crops are introduced to new biotic communities without accompaniment of their natural enemies • Breeding of susceptible genotype of crops when in search of other attributs (e.g. yield, flavours, quality, resistance to climats and other conditions)

19. Causes of Pest Occurrences and Outbreak • Application of broad spectrum insecticide ca eliminate benefecial insects (predators and parasitoids and competitors of pest species), in general so that secondary pest outbreak emerge. Or to lead of an insecticide resistant strain • Use of nitrogen fertilizer in high levels may also generate rapid increase in insect pest number • Insect are able to increase in numbers rapidly because of their very high reproductive potentials. • Periodical or cyclical pest outbreak can occur even under natural conditions ( e.g Locust, plant/leaf hopper, noctuid)

20. PLANT-FEEDING INSECT • Damage: damage causing insect may be classified as follows: • Defoliators: leaf eater dan leaf miner • Borers or feeders: of steams, roots, fruit, and seed • Root feeder • Sap feeder • Gall former • Those which do multiple damage. • Pest of stored product

21. Defoliators: leaf eater dan leaf miner • As rule these cause the most conspicuous damage (couse kill seedling or small plant). • E.g: Locusta spp (Orthoptera); the army worm: Spodoptera spp (Lepidoptera), • Tipe of Mouthparts: mandibulata

22. Cabbage LooperTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) Eggs hatch in 3-4 days As a pupa for about 2 weeks Larva have 5 instars in 3 weeks, most damage is done in last 2 instars adult

23. Borers or feeders: of steams, roots, fruit, and seed • Boring insects largely occur in the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera. • E.g Fruit flies, Dacus spp. (Diptera), Rice stem borer, Tryporyza sp. Corn borer, Sitophyllus sp

24. Root feeder • Damage: damage causing insect may be classified as follows: • Root feeder potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella.

25. Sap feeder • Damage caused are two types: direct damege and indirect damage, as follows: • Direct damage: Caused by stylets damaging cell of the plant, particularly of the soft growing tissue. Symptoms are Necrotic spot, stunting and phytotoxemia/ discolouration • Indirect damege: Caused by insects acting as vectors of virus or mycoplasma disease. The typemof damege maybe more serious than direct damge

26. Aphid on chili

27. Kutu kebul (Bemisia tabaci)

28. SERANGGA VEKTOR Aphids on some plants green peach foxglove melon

29. Tungro virus on Rice Bacilliform virus particles of Rice tungro bacilliform virus (Courtesy H. Hibino)

30. Nepotettixvirescens: Vector of tungro virus The symtom of rice tungro virus in rice field

31. Gall former • Gall forming insect are found in the orders of Diptera, Hemiptera. These insects produce galls on plant tissue . • E.g Rice Gall midges, Orseolia oryzae; Gall forming pest of young tobacco, Scrobipalpa heliopa,

32. Multiple damage • There are pests that cause multiple damage that combine some of the catagories of damage reffered to above: • E.g. The caterpillar as known of catton bollworm, tobacco budworm, Heliothis armigera and H.puctigera. These catterpillar caused seriuous damage on vgetable and horticultural crops.

33. Pest of Stored Product • Pest of stored product or post harvest pest generally belong to orders of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Grain and grain product are subject to damage by the insect. Losses are felt in two ways (i) loss fo grain itself and (ii) presence of insects makes grains ang grains products unsuitable for consumption • E.g. Rice weevil, Sitophyllus spp, Flour beetle, Tribolium spp.

34. DASAR PERLINDUNGAN TANAMAN BUKU ACUAN Buku Acuan: • Kalshoven LGE. 1981. Pests of Crops in Indonesia. Terjemahan Van der Laan. PT. Ichtiar Baru. Jakarta • Metcalf,R L dan W.H. Luckman. 1975. Intoduction of Insect Pest Management. John Willy Publisher. New York • Borror,Dj; D.M. DeLong; dan C.A. Triplehorn. 1981. An Introduction to the Study of insect. Saunder Collage Publishing. Philadelphia. • Chapman, RF. 1975. The Insect, Structure And Function. American Elsivier Publishing Company Inc. New York

35. Sekian Wass. alaikum Wr .Wb.