Who Governs?

1. Who Governs? Part I: Authoritarianism

2. The Basic Question • Where is the power to govern vested? • The One • The Few • The Many

3. Authoritarianism • Rule by one or the few (as opposed to the many, in the case of democracy) • Elites (rulers) are not responsible to the mass public • Limited pluralism (or total lack thereof)

4. Types of Authoritarian Regimes GENERAL • Conservative: aimed at keeping the existing political power structure in place. • Radical: seeking to restructure society (likely in terms of class)

5. Types of Authoritarian Regimes SPECIFIC • Personalistic (sultanistic, patrimonial rule) • Traditional • Dynastic (hereditary) • Theocratic regimes

6. Types of Authoritarian Regimes • Military Regimes • can be conservative or radical (although typically conservative) • Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism • Single-Party Rule • Ideological • Fascism • Communism • Others • Technocratic

7. Totalitarianism • An official, all-encompassing ideology covering all aspects of existence and to which everyone living in the society must adhere. • A single mass party, typically led by one person, combined with and inseparable from the governmental apparatus, and monopolizing all political activities.

8. Totalitarianism • A system of terroristic police control employing modern torture and surveillance techniques. • A technological monopoly in the hands of the party or dictator controlling all means of mass communication, such as the press, radio, television, and motion pictures.

9. Totalitarianism • A similar monopoly, under the same control, of all means of armed combat. • A central control and direction of the entire economy, including bureaucratic coordination of all formerly independent interest associations, typically including all group and corporate activities (Source: Wiarda 2000:121-122, as adapted from Friedrich and Brzezinski 1962)

24. TABLE 1.1 (Huntington 1991:26) Democratization in the Modern World

25. Huntington’s Waves of Democratization (and Reverse Waves)