World History

1. World History Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization

2. Main Idea • Muhammad established basic beliefs and practices for Islam

3. Terms to Define • Sheikh • Revelation • Ahari’ah • Mosque • Imam • Hajj

4. People to Meet • Muhammad • Muslims

5. Places to Locate • Arabian Peninsula • Makkah

6. A New Faith • South of Asia Minor • Arabian Peninsula • Like the Israelites, Phoenicians, and Chaldeans, the Arabs were descended from Semitic tribes • Archaeologists traced Arab civilizations to at least 3000 B.C.

7. Arab LifeThe Setting • Isolation kept invading tribes away • The Arabian Peninsula is a wedge of land between the Red Sea and the Persian gulf. It is made up of two distinct regions • The southwest area with well watered valleys • The rest of the Peninsula with arid plains and deserts

8. Lives of the Beduin • In ancient times many of the Arabs were bedouins who herded sheep, camels, and goats • Lived in tents • Drank milk from their herds • Ate dates • Special occasions, ate mutton

9. Tribes • Bedouin lived in tribes • Made up of related families • Protection • Leader was a sheikh (or chief) appointed by the heads of families

10. Tribes--War • Was part of the lifestyle • Went on raids to gain camels and horses as well gain land and water holes (most precious) • Bedouin believed in retaliation—”eye for an eye”

11. Growth of Towns • By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had settled around oases or in fertile valleys to pursue either farming or trade; prosperous markets towns grew, the most important of which was Makkah • Makkah was en route to Syria, Iraq, and China • Makkah contained the most holy of shrines, the Kaaba, which contained the statues of the many Arab deities

12. Signs of Change • As business ideas replaced tribal ties in the trading towns, the old tribal rules were no longer adequate; the Arabs needed a central government • They were threatened by Byzantine and Persian empires

13. Signs of Change--religion • Religious ideas were also changing; introduced to monotheistic religions of Judaism and Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with their old beliefs • Holy men known as hanifs (hah*NEEFS) denounced idols and believed in one god • They rejected Judaism and Christianity, preferring to find a uniquely Arab form of monotheism • The ferment contributed toward the emergence of Islam, which means “submission to the will of Allah (God)”

14. Muhammad and His Message • The prophet of Islam Muhammad, was born in the bustling city of Makkah around A.D. 570 • Muslim traditions state that Muhammad was orphaned at an early age and raised by an uncle

15. Life of Muhammad • During his teens, he worked as a caravan leader • Reputation for honest and able person • His employer, a wealthy widow named Khadija (kuh*DEE*juh) placed him in charge of her business affairs • When he was 25, she proposed marriage to him • His marriage relieved him of financial worries and allowed him to focus on the meaning of life

16. Muhammad Troubled • He was troubled by greed, idol worship, and treatment of the poor • He spent time alone praying and fasting in a cave outside the city

17. Revelation • Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad experienced a revelation (vision) in A.D.—a voice called him to be the apostle of the one true deity, Allah (Arabic word for God) • First revelation told him to recite (see quote in text) • The second revelation commanded Muhammad to “rise and warn’ the people about divine judgment

18. Muhammad Preaches • I A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the people of Makkah that there was only one God and that people everywhere must worship and obey him • The rich should share with the poor • God ,measured people by their devotion and good deeds • He told the people of Makkah to live their lives in preparation for the day of judgement

19. Muhammad’s First Converts • Khadija and his immediate family became the first Muslims—followers of Islam

20. Opposition to Islam • Most Makkans rejected Muhammad’s message • Upset by attacks on images of Kaaba • Makkans afraid lack of pilgrimages would ruin economy • Makkans persecuted Muslims

21. Muhammad Persists • Muhammad persisted in his presching until threats against his life force him to seek help outside the city • He found refuge in the small town of Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the first year of the Muslim calendar

22. The Islamic Community • Yathrib became known as Madinat al-Nabi, “the city of the prophet” • Or Madinah (muh*DEE*nuh)

23. Origin of the Islamic State • Muhammad was a skilled politician as well as religious leader • In the Madinah Compact, he laid the foundations of the Islamic state • Loyalty to Islamic community was placed above the tribe • Disputes settled by Muhammad • Divine law of Islam recorded in the holy scriptures known as the Quran • Jew and Christians were extended protection who accepted Islam’s political authority

24. Acceptance of Islam • Makkans invaded Yathrib and were defeated by Muslims • Makkans accepted Islam • Muslims destroyed idols in the Kaaba • Turned the shrine into a place of worship which was believed to have been built by the prophet • Makkah became the spiritual capital of Islam, and Madinah remained its political capital

25. Muhammad Dies • By A.D. 631, Islam had extended throughout the Arabian Peninsula supported by an army of tribes • After a brief illness, Muhammad died at Madinah in A.D. 632 • Left behind religious community based on sacred writings • Left behind his life as an example or interpretive guide for Muslims to follow

26. Beliefs and Practices of Islam • Beliefs and practices are based on his revelations • Beliefs remain remarkably stable after centuries

27. The Quran • According to Muslim tradition, the angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad over a 22-year period • Faithful Muslims wrote down or memorized these passages • Not compiled into a collection until Muhammad died • It took 20 years to compile all messages into the Quran • The Quran, for all Muslims, is the final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle

28. The Quran • Believed to be God’s message • Expressed in stories, teachings, and exhortations • Noah’s ark and Jonah in the belly of the whale—variations of those found in the Bible

29. Values • Similar to Judaism and Christianity • Muslims are commanded to • Honor parents • Show kindness to neighbors • Protect orphans and widows • Give to the poor • Must not • Murder, steal, lie, or commit adultry

30. Values (cont) • Forbids gambling, eating pork, drinking alcoholic beverages • Rules over marriages divorce, family life, property inheritance and business practices

31. Law • Law and religion are not separated • Generations of legal scholars have organized Islamic moral principle into a body of law known as the “shari’ah” • These are based on the Quran and the Hadith (sayings of Muhammad)

32. Five Pillars of Islam • Faith • Prayer • Alms • Fasting • Pilgrimage

33. Faith • Confession of faith: “There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God” • Affirms the oneness of an all-powerful, just, and merciful God • All Muslims are required to submit to God’s will as given in the Quran • Stresses Muhammad as a prophet, not divine being • Muslims believe Muhammad was last and greatest of several prophets • Muslims see their life as a preparation for the Day of Judgement—judged according to their actions

34. Faith-(cont) • Allah is the same god as the God of the Jews and Christians • Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are considered prophets • Muslims respect Jews and Christians as “People of the Book” • Muslims believe Arabs are descendents of Abraham through his son Ishmael and Jews are descendents of Abraham through his son Isaac • The Quran states that Jesus transmitted God’s message and performed miracles

35. Prayer • Muslims express their devotion in prayers offered five times each day: sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening • Worshippers face Makkah—kneeling, bowing, and touching one’s forehead to the ground as a sign of submission to God • At noon on Friday, many Muslims worship together at a mosque—place of worship—or at a school, court of law or shelter

36. Faith--Imam • An imam, prayer leader, guides believers in prayer—sermon sometimes follows • Any male Muslim with the proper religious education can serve as an imam

37. Alms • Wealthy should assist the poor and weak • Almsgiving is practiced privately though contributions to the needy and publicly through a state tax that supports schools and aids the poor

38. Fasting • Fasting occurs during the month of Ramadan (the ninth month of the Muslim calendar), during which Muhammad received his first revelation; during Ramadan, Muslims neither eat nor drink from sunrise to sunset • At the end, there is a 3-day celebration for the end of the fast

39. Pilgrimage • Every able bodied who can afford the trip is expected to make pilgrimage at least once in his or her lifetime • Those who perform the hajj are respected in the community • Takes place 2 months and 10 days after Ramadan and involves 3 days of ceremony, prayer, and sacrifice • Worship at shrines in Makkah and Madinah • Seen where ideas come together from different parts of the world