Getting Ready for TAKS!!!

1. Getting Ready for TAKS!!! Objective 2 Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body Systems

2. Levels of Organization • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • System • Organism

3. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

4. How do things go in and out of the cell? • Diffusion • Molecules move from areas of high concentration to an areas of less concentration. • i.e. from where there are a lot of them to where there are none… • Ex. Mom is mopping in the kitchen and you can smell it in your room…the Pine Sol molecules have diffused across the house!

5. Osmosis: Another way a cell maintains homeostasis • Water moving in and out of cells… • Hyper”skinny”tonic Solution • More water in cell than out Cell Shrinks  • Hypo”hippo” tonic Solution • More water outside cell than in  cell swells and blows up  • Isotonic Solution • Equal amounts of water in and out of cell  Cell is Happy 

6. Photosynthesis:Energy from the Sun Chloroplasts

7. Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food Stomata: pores within the leaf that open to let CO2 in and O2 out. Guard cells open and close. Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water loss Leaves

8. Cellular Respiration: Energy from food!! Mitochondria Makin' That ATP!!!

9. ENERGY: Monster Drink for Cells Homeostasis Again!! Carbon Dioxide + Water Light Chloroplasts (Photosynthesis (Plant Cells) Water Mitochondria (Cellular Respiration) Plant and Animal Cells All About That Energy Oxygen + Sugar

10. DNA Double Stranded Composed of nucleotides: Deoxyribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Bases A-T G- C Is the “Blueprint for the building” RNA Single Stranded Composed of nucleotides Ribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Bases A-U, G-C Is the “Construction Worker who builds Proteins” Nucleic Acids

11. Replication: Copying DNADNA • Cells Copy DNA before they divide • Occurs in nucleus • A=T, G=C (visa/versa) • Sometimes mistakes occur  • Mutations: • Changes in DNA

12. Transcription: From DNAmRNA • Uses DNA info to make mRNA • Occurs in Nucleus • No T in mRNA only U • A=U • T=A • G=C • C=G • Mistakes in replication are carried on through transcription!! 

13. Translation: The FinalemRNA  Protein • Occurs in Cytoplasm • Players: Ribosomes Amino Acids mRNA Protein • Mutations during replication and transcription make wacked out proteins that may not work well!! • Wanna know how to make a protein?

14. Okay Solve the Puzzle • Find the protein: -AUG CCA UUA Met – Pro – Leu -AUG GGU UCA Met – Gly – Ser -AUG ACU UUU Met – Thr – Phe

15. Human Body Systems

16. Circulatory System Major Structures heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph Functions transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases

17. Digestive System Major Structures • mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines Functions • extracts and absorbs nutrients from food;

18. Immune System Major Structures • white blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, skin Functions • defends against pathogens and diseases Stuff that makes you Sick!!! 

19. Integumentary System Major Structures • skin, nails, hair Functions • protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature

20. Muscular System Major Structures • skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues Functions • moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support

21. Major Structures brain, spinal cord, Functions Regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis; Nervous System

22. Respiratory System Major Structures • lungs, nose, mouth, trachea Functions • moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

23. Skeletal System Major Structures • bones and joints Functions • protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

24. Endocrine System Major Structures • hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, pineal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries Functions • regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems

25. Taxonomy:Classifying and Organizing • Eight Levels • Domain - Broadest level DID • KINGDOM - KING • PHYLUM - PHILLIP • CLASS - COME • ORDER - OVER • FAMILY - FOR • GENERA - GOOD • SPECIES - most specific SPAGETTI - Species can interbreed and produce offspring

26. Classifications • There are only 2 Domains: • Prokayota - All Bacteria • Eurkaryota - Everything Else • There are 6 Kingdoms • Archaebacteria & Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

27. Eukaryotes Protists: Uni/Multicellular Autotro/Heterotrophs Membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotes Cell Wall Heterotrophs Membrane-bound Organelles Multi/Unicellular Kingdoms Eukaryotes Cell Wall Autotrophs Membrane- Bound Organelles Plants Prokaryotes: Bacteria Cell Wall Unicellular Only Auto/heterotrophs Fungi Eurkaryotes Heterotrophs Membrane- Bound organelles Animals Cell Membranes Cytoplasm Ribosomes

28. Bacteria vs. Viruses: Living vs. Non-Living Killer T-cells (really big White blood cells) are Our arch-enemies!! • I can not reproduce • on my own • I’m Non-living • I’m just a Little “Robot” • I cause HIV, Influenza, Small Pox • I can reproduce • though Binary • Fission • I’m Alive • I have all this • Cool cell stuff • Inside!! • I cause strep, • Staph, E. coli, • Diptheria…Yuck! DNA/ RNA

29. Virus…”How it’s All Done” Attaches Injects Viral DNA Virus explode Out of cell Forces cell to build virus parts Oooh..it’s crowded in here!!

30. Evolution:Change over Time • Fossil • Preserved or mineralized remains or imprint of organism that lived long ago

31. How do we know evolution has occurred? • Homologous Structures • Structural features with a common evolutionary origin • Vestigial Structures • Body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.

32. Natural Selection:Decent with Modification • Natural Selection • Organisms best adapted to their environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their “super genes”!! • Ex. A strange mutation occurs which makes a moth white…well it snows. Who survives best the white moth or the black moth!!

33. Ecology • Begins with the SUN • Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2

34. Energy Transfer • Producers • Autotrophs • Gather energy from the sun (Photosynthesis) • Have the most energy!! • Consumers • Heterotrophs • Have to consume (eat) other organisms in order to survive

35. Energy Pyramid Tertiary Consumer .1% Energy Smallest Biomass Secondary Consumer 1% Energy Even Smaller Biomass Primary Consumer 10% Energy Smaller Biomass Producers 100% Energy Large Biomass

36. Food Web: Arrows point to where the energy is flowing

37. Draw as many food chains as possible!!

38. Food Web Arrows point to Where energy is flowing!!

39. Ecosystem • Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives • It’s home!! • Niche is an organism’s total way of life • Kinda…like its day job!!

40. Symbiosis • Interactions between species can become so intimate that one or both become dependent on the other • PARASTISM • COMMENSALISM • MUTALISM

41. Parasitism • One species benefits at the expense of the other. • Ex. Leech sucking your blood!!!

42. Commensalism • One species benefits while the other is unaffected • Ex. Epiphytes are plants that grow on trees. They do not harm or help the trees that live on.

43. Mutualism • Both species benefit • Ex. Insects and birds often eat the nectar made by flowers and while doing so they will get pollen attached to their feet. When they fly away they spread the pollen onto nearby flowers which aides in the reproduction of the plant.

44. Predation • Organisms eating other organisms • Ouch..that’s gotta sting a little!!

45. You're All Done!!